Let S denote the class of functions of the form

that are analytic and univalent in the unit disk Δ = {z:|z| < 1}, with S*(α) and K(α) designating the subclasses of S that are, respectively, starlike of order a and convex of order α, 0 ≦ α < 1. If f(z) and g(z) are analytic in Δ, we say that f(z) is subordinate to g(z), written f ≺ g, if there exists a Schwarz function w(z), w(0) = 0 and |w(z)| < 1 in Δ, such that f(z) = g(w(z)). A function f(z) = z + … is said to be in S*[A, B] if

(1)

and in K[A, B] if

(2)

In [15] Millet and Sucheston introduced the notion of pramart and subpramart indexed by directed sets, generalizing that of martingale and submartingale, and studied their properties. In particular convergence theorems were proved. In this note we obtain convergence theorems for analogous Banach-valued processes.

Let E be a Banach lattice with the Radon-Nikodym property. Let (Xt, , t ∊ J) be an E+-valued subpramart of class (d). Precise definitions are given below (Section 1).

In [10] for J = N, Egghe proved a subpramart convergence theorem under the additional assumption that there is a subsequence {nk} ⊆ N such that converges weakly for each .

Although many types of rooted planar maps have been enumerated (see [8] for example), not much has been done on enumeration of entirely unrooted planar maps. Yet in virtually all cases of interest, it has appeared that comparatively very few of the maps are symmetric (have non-trivial automorphisms). This suggests that an asymptotic formula for the numbers of unrooted maps of a particular type on n edges can be obtained by dividing the numbers of rooted maps of that type on n edges by 4n, where 4n is the number of potentially distinct rootings of an asymmetric n-edged map. The assertion that almost all maps of a given type are asymmetric has previously been proved in only two non-trivial cases: for 3-connected planar triangulations by Tutte [9] and for all n-edged 3-connected planar maps in [5]. We prove here that it is also true for 3-connected planar maps with a given number of vertices and faces, uniformly as either parameter approaches infinity.

Much information about a finite group is encoded in its character table. Indeed even a small portion of the character table may reveal significant information about the group. By a famous theorem of Jordan, knowing the degree of one faithful irreducible character of a finite group gives an upper bound for the index of its largest normal abelian subgroup.

Here we consider b(G), the largest irreducible character degree of the group G. A simple application of Frobenius reciprocity shows that b(G) ≧ |G:A| for any abelian subgroup A of G. In light of this fact and Jordan's theorem, one might seek to bound the index of the largest abelian subgroup of G from above by a function of b(G). If is G is nilpotent, a result of Isaacs and Passman (see [7, Theorem 12.26]) shows that G has an abelian subgroup of index at most b(G)4.

Let Λ = {λ0,…, λn} denote a set of distinct integers and let Π(Λ) denote the set of all generalized polynomials of the form

For any given ζ on the unit circle U with

we consider the set Zk of points 1, ζ, ζ2, …, ζk−1 where

We shall denote by or the class of Λ-splines S(z) which satisfy the following conditions:

• (i) S(z) ∊ Cn−1(U)

• (ii) S(z)|Av ∊ Π(Λ) where

  

An involution x → x* of a semigroup S is an antiautomorphism of S of order at most 2, that is (xy)* = y*x* and x** = x for all x, y ∊ S. In such a case, S is called an involutorial semigroup if regarded as a universal algebra with the binary operation of multiplication and the unary operation *. If S is also a completely simple semigroup, regarded as an algebra with multiplication and the unary operation x → x−1 of inversion (x−1 is the inverse of x in the maximal subgroup of S containing x), then (S, −1, *), or simply S, is an involutorial completely simple semigroup. All such S form a variety determined by the identities above concerning * and

where x0 = xx−1.

A ring R is called q-hypercyclic (hypercyclic) if each cyclic ring R-module has a cyclic quasi-injective (injective) hull. A ring R is called a qc-ring if each cyclic right R-module is quasi-injective. Hypercyclic rings have been studied by Caldwell [4], and by Osofsky [12]. A characterization of qc-rings has been given by Koehler [10]. The object of this paper is to study q-hypercyclic rings. For a commutative ring R, R can be shown to be q-hypercyclic (= qc-ring) if R is hypercyclic. (Theorems 4.2 and 4.3). Whether a hypercyclic ring (not necessarily commutative) is q-hypercyclic is considered in Theorem 3.11 by showing that a local hypercyclic ring R is q-hypercyclic if and only if the Jacobson radical of R is nil. However, we do not know if there exists a local hypercyclic ring with nonnil radical [12]. Example 3.10 shows that a q-hypercyclic ring need not be hypercyclic.

Let 2 ≦ s ∊ N and {n1, …, ns) ⊆ N*. In 1884, J. Sylvester [13] published the following well-known result on the singularity degree S of the monomial curve whose corresponding semigroup is S: = 〈n1, …, ns): If s = 2, then

Let K: = –Z\S and

for all 1 ≦ i ≦ s. We introduce the invariant

of S involving a correction term to the Milnor number 2δ [4] of S. As a modified version and extension of Sylvester's result to all monomial space curves, we prove the following theorem: If s = 3, then

We prove similar formulas for s = 4 if S is symmetric.

The theory of noncommutative involutive Banach algebras (briefly Banach *-algebras) owes its origin to Gelfand and Naimark, who proved in 1943 the fundamental representation theorem that a Banach *-algebra with C*-condition

(C*)

is *-isomorphic and isometric to a norm-closed self-adjoint subalgebra of all bounded operators on a suitable Hilbert space.

At the same time they conjectured that the C*-condition can be replaced by the B*-condition.

(B*)

In other words any B*-algebra is actually a C*-algebra. This was shown by Glimm and Kadison [5] in 1960.

For 1 ≦ p < ∞ let Hp denote the familiar Hardy space of analytic functions on the open unit disc D and let ‖·‖ denote the Hp norm. Let Sp denote the space of analytic functions f on D such that f′ ∊ Hp. In this paper we will describe the linear isometries of Sp into itself when Sp is equipped with either of two norms. The first norm we consider is given by

(1)

and the second by

(2)

(It is well known [1, Theorem 3.11] that f′ ∊ Hp implies continuity for f on D, the closure of D. Thus (2) actually defines a norm on Sp.) In the former case, with the norm defined by (1), we will show that an isometry of Sp induces, in a sense to be made precise in Section 2, an isometry of Hp and that Forelli's characterization [2] of the isometries of Hp can thus be used to describe the isometries of Hp.

The fundamental theorem of projective geometry describes the bijective collineations between two projective spaces PV and PV′ of finite dimension (greater than one) over division rings k and k′ in terms of an isomorphism φ:k → k′ and a φ-semilinear bijective mapping between the underlying vector spaces V and V′. Tits [9, Theorem 8.611] has given an extensive generalization of this theorem to embeddable polar spaces induced by polarities coming from either (σ, )-hermitian forms or from (σ, )-quadratic forms with Witt indices at least two. In another direction, Klingenberg [7] and later André [1] and Rado [8], have generalized the fundamental theorem by considering non-injective collineations. Now the isomorphism φ must be replaced by a place φ:k → k′ ∪ ∞ and an integral structure over the valuation ring A = φminus1(k′) is induced into the projective space PV.

Recall BSOn is the classifying space for the special orthogonal group of rank n. It is well known that the mod 2 cohomology ring of BSOn is given as follows:

where wi is the i-th mod 2 Stiefel-Whitney class. For the 3-connective cover of BSOn, BSpinn, Quillen in [4] has determined H*(BSpinn) completely for all n. Let BŜOn〈8〉, BŜOn〈16〉 be the classifying spaces for n-plane spin bundle ξ satisfying w4(ξ) = 0 and w4(ξ) = w8(ξ) = 0 respectively. This note follows the method of A. Borel [2] and gives the mod 2 cohomology ring of BŜOn〈8〉 and BŜOn〈16〉 for small n. In particular we answer the question “when is H*(BŜOn〈8〉; Z2), or H*(BŜOn〈16〉; Z2) a polynomial algebra?”

Dans cette note, nous donnons une réponse à un problème posé dans [5]: nous démontrerons que le niveau de quasi-unipotence de la monodromie avec coefficients est le meilleur possible (voir le paragraphe 2 pour l'énoncé précis).

1. Faisceaux quasi-unipotents. Nous rappelons ici la définition et les propriétés fondamentales de ces faisceaux (voir [3], cf. [5]).

Par D nous désignons un disque ouvert de C centré à l'origine et de rayon aussi petit qu'on veut. Un faisceau V lisse (ou, suivant une autre terminologie, localement constant) constructible sur D* = D – {0} est dit quasi-unipotent (de niveau d) si la monodromie T opérant sur la fibre générique de V vérifie (Ta – 1)b = 0, où a et b sont des entiers non-négatifs (et b ≦ d).

Définition (1.1). Soient X un espace analytique, Y un sous-espace analytique de X, et V un faisceau constructible sur X – Y.

The strong ϕ topology. Let S be a linear space of real sequences written in functional notation

There is a natural duality between S and the space ϕ of sequences which are eventually ϕ given by the equation

The series has only a finite number of nonzero terms since t is in ϕ.

A subset B of ϕ is called S-bounded if

for each s in S.

In this paper we give a characterization of the extreme positive contractions on finite dimensional lp-spaces for 1 < p < ∞. This is related to the characterization of the extreme doubly stochastic operators. In Section 2 we present the basic properties of the facial structure of the set of doubly stochastic n × m matrices. In Section 3 we use these facts for description of the facial structure of the set of positive contractions on finite dimensional lp-space. Next is considered stability of the positive part of the unit ball of operators (Section 5). In Section 7 we prove that extreme positive contractions on are strongly exposed.

1. Terminology and notation. Let (X, , m) be a a-finite measure space. As usual, we denote by LP(m), 1 < p < ∞, the Banach lattice of all p-summable real-valued functions on X with standard norm and order. If X = {1, 2 , …, n) n < ∞, and m is a counting measure we write instead of LP(m). If X = [0, 1] and m is Lebesgue measure we write briefly LP.

The simple algebraic and geometric properties of naturally reductive metrics make them useful as examples in the study of homogeneous Riemannian manifolds. (See for example [2], [3], [15]). The existence and abundance of naturally reductive left-invariant metrics on a Lie group G or homogeneous space G/L reflect the structure of G itself. Such metrics abound on compact groups, exist but are more restricted on noncompact semisimple groups, and are relatively rare on solvable groups. The goals of this paper are

• (i) to study all naturally reductive homogeneous spaces of G when G is either semisimple of noncompact type or nilpotent and

• (ii) to give necessary conditions on a Riemannian homogeneous space of an arbitrary Lie group G in order that the metric be naturally reductive with respect to some transitive subgroup of G.

In this paper, we are primarily concerned with the behaviour of the centre with respect to the completion process for von Neumann regular rings at the pseudo-metric topology induced by a pseudo-rank function.

Let R be a (von Neumann) regular ring, and N a pseudo-rank function (all terms left undefined here may be found in [6]). Then N induces a pseudo-metric topology on R, and the completion of R at this pseudo-metric, , is a right and left self-injective regular ring. Let Z( ) denote the centre of whatever ring is in the brackets. We are interested in the map .

If R is simple, Z(R) is a field, so is discrete in the topology; yet Goodearl has constructed an example with Z(R) = R and Z(R) = C [5, 2.10]. There is thus no hope of a general density result.

For f ∊ L−1(0, T), we define the distribution function

where T is a fixed positive number and |·| denotes Lebesgue measure. Let Φ:[0, T] → [0, m] be a nonincreasing, right continuous function. In an earlier paper [3], we discussed the equation

(0.1)

when the coefficient q was allowed to vary in the class

We were in particular interested in finding the supremum and infimum of y(T) when q was in or in the convex hull Ω(Φ) of (see below).

Given any set Γ, let be the family of all finite subsets of . Let f:[0, ∞) → R satisfying: (1) f(x) = 0 if and only if x = 0, (2) f is increasing, (3) f(x + y) ≧ f(x) + f(y) for all x, y ≦ 0, and (4) f is continuous at zero from the right. Such an f is called a modules. Let C be the set of all moduli, and F = {fv ∊ C:v ∊ Γ). Q(Γ) will denote the set of all such F, s. For each F ∊ Q(Γ) let

the summation is taken over Γ, and set

If Γ is countable Q(Γ) will be denoted by Q and LΓ(F) by L(F). Let

Note that

see [4, 5 and 6].

1. In this paper, we investigate the ranges of projections on certain Banach spaces of functions defined on a diadic tree. The notion of a “tree-like” Banach space is due to James 4], who used it to construct the separable space JT which has nonseparable dual and yet does not contain l1. This idea has proved useful. In [3], Hagler constructed a hereditarily c0 tree space, HT, and Schechtman [6] constructed, for each 1 ≦ p ≦ ∞, a reflexive Banach space, STp with a 1-unconditional basis which does not contain lp yet is uniformly isomorphic to for each n.

In [1] we showed that if U is a bounded linear operator on JT, then there exists a subspace W ⊂ JT, isomorphic to JT such that either U or (1 — U) acts as an isomorphism on W and UW or (1 — U)W is complemented in JT. In this paper, we establish this result for the Hagler and Schechtman tree spaces.