This chapter explores the connection between informality, migration, and precarity and how urban villages are formed in China. It discusses the contribution of the book and the fieldwork methods and introduces the readers to the structure of the book.

First described by American neurologist John Susac in 1979, Susac syndrome (SS) is a rare autoimmune endotheliopathy causing microvascular damage to the brain, retina, and inner ear. As SS progresses it ultimately causes encephalopathy, branched retinal artery occlusion, and hearing loss. The underlying etiology is unknown; however anti-endothelial cell antibodies have been found in 30% of one cohort studied.

As this volume’s other chapters demonstrate, the primary material for accessing the person and character of Jesus of Nazareth will always be the New Testament texts. But the last two thousand years have witnessed a profusion of non-textual media rendering this endlessly absorbing figure. This chapter attends to the ways that artists through the ages have chosen to present him in modes other than words alone, considering visual art and music in particular.

By combining the removable pairing technique presented in Chapter 12 with a new approach based on ear-decompositions and matroid intersection, Sebő and Vygen improved the approximation ratio for Graph TSP from 13/9 to 7/5. We will present this algorithm, which is still the best-known approximation algorithm for Graph TSP, in this chapter.

An interesting feature of this algorithm is that it is purely combinatorial, does not need to solve a linear program, and runs in O(n3) time. To describe the algorithm, we review some matching theory, including a theorem of Frank that links ear-decompositions to T-joins. A slight variant of the Graph TSP algorithm is a 4/3-approximation algorithm for finding a smallest 2-edge-connected spanning subgraph, which was the best known for many years. The proofs will also imply corresponding upper bounds on the integrality ratios.

The first part of this chapter introduces and defines key concepts that are commonly encountered in this subject: astrobiology, habitability, and life; in doing so, it also clarifies the ambiguities inherent in these terms. The second part briefly chronicles the lengthy and rich history of speculations about the plurality of worlds and extraterrestrial life in myriad societies across different epochs. It concludes with a summary of developments in astrobiology in the early- and mid-twentieth century, and describes how the future of this field looks optimistic.

Tall to extremely tall, large to typically eventually massive, monoecious evergreen trees. The tree crowns in younger trees (for the first many centuries) are symmetric, fairly dense and well-furnished. The crowns are conical, becoming clean-trunked with age, generating thick, spongy, red–brown bark. The specimens eventually grow into the most massive known tree, of particularly substantial and imposing mature appearance in the wild.

We conclude that this First Nations archive is a repository of a different kind, for a different kind of history, grounded in a different kind of time, beyond the limited pasts which most academic historians and archaeologists are used to knowing. Scholars must therefore rely on deep partnerships and reciprocity with First Nations communities to approach these knowledges.

Taking the European Union (EU) as a reference, this chapter critically examines the new landscape of ecolabelling and its relation to climate change. In particular, the focus is on the need to create a food environmental labelling that will play a fundamental role in future scenarios and also in business-to-consumer relations, in fulfilment of the objectives of the Paris Agreement, the United Nations (UN) Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development and the European Green Deal. To achieve climate sustainability it is necessary to design future instruments that are in line with obligations such as the nutritional Front of Pack Labelling, progressively extending ecolabelling from non-food to food products, thus guaranteeing adequate consumer information.

Lambert Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is an autoimmune disease caused by antibodies directed at presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels (P/Q-type) that results in an overall reduced amount of acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft at neuromuscular junctions and terminals of autonomic nerves. This syndrome is caused by a paraneoplastic process in 60% of patients, and of these patients, the most commonly associated cancer is small cell lung cancer. Compared to myasthenia gravis (MG), LEMS typically occurs in middle-aged adults.

This chapter elucidates the physical and chemical mechanisms involved in the formation of planets, the conventional abodes of life. The first part is devoted to protoplanetary discs, wherein planet formation unfolds. The topics covered include the minimum mass required for assembling the solar system (minimum mass solar nebula), the thermal and density structure of protoplanetary discs, and the rich chemistry that occurs in these settings. The second delves into the many stages of planet formation starting from the coagulation of dust to the hurdles encountered (e.g., metre barrier) in forming kilometre-sized planetesimals and subsequently to collisions between planetesimals engendering planetary cores and eventually terrestrial planets; a brief description of how giant planets are assembled is also delineated. The final part outlines how interactions between a given planet and its neighbouring gas or planetesimals can contribute to the migration of the former, as well as influence the delivery of water and other volatiles to the planet.

Named after British neurologist William Adie and Irish neurologist Sir Gordon Holmes after first describing the condition (calling it “pseudo-Argyll Robertson pupil” in 1931), Holmes–Adie syndrome (HAS) is characterized by pupillary dysfunction and areflexia. Though the exact cause is unclear, HAS appears to involve the degeneration of the ciliary ganglion resulting in postganglionic parasympathetic fiber impairment and ultimately dysfunction of the pupil. Most cases of HAS are idiopathic; however, cases have been linked to systemic infection (mainly viral), autoimmune diseases including paraneoplastic conditions and other systemic inflammatory diseases, orbital tumors and local trauma, and neuromuscular conditions, among many other published causes.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune, neuroinflammatory demyelinating disease, with a propensity for onset in middle-aged women, although it can occur in men and is rarely diagnosed in those above 65 years. Other risk modifiers include distance from the equator, as prevalence increases with greater latitudes. This is thought to be associated with low vitamin D, which also results in a predisposition to develop multiple sclerosis. Additionally twin studies show that there is some extent of a genetic component of MS as concordant rates of acquiring MS in monozygotic twins were 30% as opposed to 5% in dizygotic twins.

Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS) is a variant of Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS), which is characterized by the clinical triad of ophthalmoplegia, areflexia, and ataxia. Overall, it constitutes ~5–10% of all GBS cases.