Salem [1] gave the following criterion for Fourier-Lebesgue sequences .

Denote by E the set of continuously differentiate periodic functions u such that u' has an absolutely convergent Fourier series, and let E1 denote the set of uσE satisfying ∥u∥∞≦1.

The classical Remez inequality [‘Sur une propriété des polynomes de Tchebycheff’, Comm. Inst. Sci. Kharkov13 (1936), 9–95] bounds the maximum of the absolute value of a real polynomial $P$ of degree $d$ on $[-1,1]$ through the maximum of its absolute value on any subset $Z\subset [-1,1]$ of positive Lebesgue measure. Extensions to several variables and to certain sets of Lebesgue measure zero, massive in a much weaker sense, are available (see, for example, Brudnyi and Ganzburg [‘On an extremal problem for polynomials of $n$ variables’, Math. USSR Izv.37 (1973), 344–355], Yomdin [‘Remez-type inequality for discrete sets’, Israel. J. Math.186 (2011), 45–60], Brudnyi [‘On covering numbers of sublevel sets of analytic functions’, J. Approx. Theory162 (2010), 72–93]). Still, given a subset $Z\subset [-1,1]^{n}\subset \mathbb{R}^{n}$, it is not easy to determine whether it is ${\mathcal{P}}_{d}(\mathbb{R}^{n})$-norming (here ${\mathcal{P}}_{d}(\mathbb{R}^{n})$ is the space of real polynomials of degree at most $d$ on $\mathbb{R}^{n}$), that is, satisfies a Remez-type inequality: $\sup _{[-1,1]^{n}}|P|\leq C\sup _{Z}|P|$ for all $P\in {\mathcal{P}}_{d}(\mathbb{R}^{n})$ with $C$ independent of $P$. (Although ${\mathcal{P}}_{d}(\mathbb{R}^{n})$-norming sets are precisely those not contained in any algebraic hypersurface of degree $d$ in $\mathbb{R}^{n}$, there are many apparently unrelated reasons for $Z\subset [-1,1]^{n}$ to have this property.) In the present paper we study norming sets and related Remez-type inequalities in a general setting of finite-dimensional linear spaces $V$ of continuous functions on $[-1,1]^{n}$, remaining in most of the examples in the classical framework. First, we discuss some sufficient conditions for $Z$ to be $V$-norming, partly known, partly new, restricting ourselves to the simplest nontrivial examples. Next, we extend the Turán–Nazarov inequality for exponential polynomials to several variables, and on this basis prove a new fewnomial Remez-type inequality. Finally, we study the family of optimal constants $N_{V}(Z)$ in the Remez-type inequalities for $V$, as the function of the set $Z$, showing that it is Lipschitz in the Hausdorff metric.

In this paper, for the convolution and convex combination of harmonic mappings, the radii of univalence, full convexity and starlikeness of order $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$ are explored. All results are sharp. By way of application, the univalent radius and the Bloch constant of the convolution of two bounded harmonic mappings are obtained.

The aim of this paper is to prove some embedding theorems for groups with Černikov conjugacy classes. Moreover a characterization of periodic central-by-Černikov groups is given.

Let S be a bisimple semigroup and let Es denote its set of idempotents. We may partially order Es in the following manner: if e, f ∈ E s, e ≧ f if and only if ef = fe = e. We then say that Es is under or assumes its natural order. Let I0 denote the non-negative integers and let n denote a natural number. If Es, under its natural order, isomorphic to (I0)n under the reverse of the usual lexicographic order, we call S an ωn-bisimple semigroup. (See [9] for an explanation of notation.) We determined the structure of ωn-bisimple semigroups completely mod groups in [9]. The ωn-bisimple semigroups, the I-bisimple semigroups [8], and the ωnI-bisimple semigroups [9] are classes of simple semigroups except completely simple semigroups whose structure has been determined mod groups.

The representation theory of Clifford algebras has been used to obtain information on the possible orders of amicable pairs of orthogonal designs on given numbers of variables. If, however, the same approach is tried on more complex systems of orthogonal designs, such as product designs and amicable triples, algebras which properly generalize the Clifford algebras are encountered. In this paper a theory of such generalizations is developed and applied to the theory of systems of orthogonal designs, and in particular to the theory of product designs.

An operator acting on a Banach space is said to be unicellular if its lattice of invariant subspaces is totally ordered by inclusion. Each weighted shift on a sequence space has a natural totally ordered set of invariant subspaces, and is unicellular if these are its only invariant subspaces.

Let p: R2 → R be a polynomial with a local minimum at its only critical point. This must give a global minimum if the degree of p is < 5, but not necessarily if the degree is ≥ 5. It is an open question what the result is for cubics and quartics in more variables, except cubics in three variables. Other sufficient conditions for a global minimum of a general function are given.

1980 Mathematics subject classification (Amer. Math. Soc.): 26 B 99, 26 C 99.

In this note we define the Artin radical of a Noetherian ring and describe some of its applications.

The Lp-improving properties of convolution operators with measures supported on space curves have been studied by various authors. If the underlying curve is non-degenerate, the convolution with the (Euclidean) arclength measure is a bounded operator from L3/2()3 into L2(3). Drury suggested that in case the underlying curve has degeneracies the appropriate measure to consider should be the affine arclength measure and the obtained a similar result for homogeneous curves t→(t, t2, tk), t >0 for k ≥ 4. This was further generalized by Pan to curves t → (t, tk, tt), t > 0 for l < k < l, k+l ≥ 5. In this article, we will extend Pan's result to (smooth) compact curves of finite type whose tangents never vanish. In addition, we give an example of a flat curve with the same mapping properties.

Let $V$ be a vector space and let $T(V)$ denote the semigroup (under composition) of all linear transformations from $V$ into $V$. For a fixed subspace $W$ of $V$, let $T(V,W)$ be the semigroup consisting of all linear transformations from $V$ into $W$. In 2008, Sullivan [‘Semigroups of linear transformations with restricted range’, Bull. Aust. Math. Soc.77(3) (2008), 441–453] proved that

$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle Q=\{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\in T(V,W):V\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\subseteq W\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\} & & \displaystyle \nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$

$T(V,W)$

$T(V,W)$

$Q$

$W$

$V$

$Q$

$W$

$n$

$m$

$V$

$F$

We remark on pseudo-elliptic integrals and on exceptional function fields, namely function fields defined over an infinite base field but nonetheless containing non-trivial units. Our emphasis is on some elementary criteria that must be satisfied by a squarefree polynomial D(x) whose square root generates a quadratic function field with non-trivial unit. We detail the genus I case.

In a previous paper [1] J. Aczél has shown the followingTheorem 1. If in the (closed, half-closed or open, finite or infinite) interval 〈A, B〉and there f, F are there, f F are continuous, F intern (the value F(x, y) lies strictly between x and y) and u → H(u, v, x, y) or v → H(u, v, x, y) are injective (i.e. or , then the functional equation (*) with the initial conditionshas at most one solution.

We give a simpler and refined proof of some blow-up results of smooth solutions to the Cauchy problem for the Navier–Stokes equations of compressible, viscous and heat-conducting fluids in arbitrary space dimensions. Our main results reveal that smooth solutions with compactly supported initial density will blow up in finite time, and that if the initial density decays at infinity in space, then there is no global solution for which the velocity decays as the reciprocal of the elapsed time.

It is well known that a system of homogeneous second-order ordinary differential equations (spray) is necessarily isotropic in order to be metrizable by a Finsler function of scalar flag curvature. In our main result we show that the isotropy condition, together with three other conditions on the Jacobi endomorphism, characterize sprays that are metrizable by Finsler functions of scalar flag curvature. We call these conditions the scalar flag curvature (SFC) test. The proof of the main result provides an algorithm to construct the Finsler function of scalar flag curvature, in the case when a given spray is metrizable. Hilbert’s fourth problem asks to determine the Finsler functions with rectilinear geodesics. A Finsler function that is a solution to Hilbert’s fourth problem is necessarily of constant or scalar flag curvature. Therefore, we can use the constant flag curvature (CFC) test, which we developed in our previous paper, Bucataru and Muzsnay [‘Sprays metrizable by Finsler functions of constant flag curvature’, Differential Geom. Appl.31 (3)(2013), 405–415] as well as the SFC test to decide whether or not the projective deformations of a flat spray, which are isotropic, are metrizable by Finsler functions of constant or scalar flag curvature. We show how to use the algorithms provided by the CFC and SFC tests to construct solutions to Hilbert’s fourth problem.

In this paper we give a necessary and sufficient condition for decomposition (as a direct sum of fields) of a ring R in which for every x ∈ R there exists a (and hence the smallest) natural number n(x) > 1 such that . We would like to emphasize that in what follows R stands for a ring every element x of which satisfies (1).

A two-bridge knot (or link) can be characterized by the so-called Schubert normal form Kp, q where p and q are positive coprime integers. Associated to Kp, q there are the Conway polynomial ▽kp, q(z) and the normalized Alexander polynomial Δkp, q(t). However, it has been open problem how ▽kp, q(z) and Δkp, q(t) are expressed in terms of p and q. In this note, we will give explicit formulae for the Conway polynomials and the normalized Alexander polynomials in the case of two-bridge knots and links. This is done using elementary number theoretical functions in p and q.

In a recent paper [3] it was shown that the free product K * L of two fields (possibly skew) can be embedded in a field, and moreover, this latter can be chosen to be the ‘universal field of fractions’ of K*L (cf. [4, 5]). This opens up the prospect of doing for skew fields what the Neumanns and others have done for groups; indeed some sample applications were given in [3]. We pursue this topic here a little further: our main results state (i) every ccuntably generated field can be embedded in a 2-generator field, (ii) in a free product of rings over a field k, any element algebraic over k is conjugate to an element in one of the factors, (iii) any field can be embedded in a field with nth roots for each n. These results are all analogous to well known results in group theory (cf. [8]), and although the proofs are not just a translation of the group case, the latter is of scme help. Thus (ii), (iii) follow fairly easily, but they lead to other problems, still open, by replacing ‘free product of rings’ in (ii) by ‘field product of fields, and in (iii) replacing ‘nth roots’ by ‘roots of any equation’. On the other hand, (i) is less immediate, since ‘field products’ need to be used in the proof, and their manipulation requires some more technical lemmas.

It is shown, using the author's construction for ‘labelled semilattices’, that every partially ordered set, in which every two elements have a common lower bound, is isomorphic to the partiallyordered set of 𝒥-classes of some completely semi-simple inverse semigroup.

1980 Mathematics subject classification (Amer. Math. Soc): primary 20 M 10, secondary 04 A 05, 08 A 05.

Finite groups in which normality is transitive have been studied by Best and Taussky, [1], Gaschütz, [3], and Zacher [16]. Infinite soluble groups in which normality is transitive have been studied by Robinson in [9]. A subgroup H of a group G is subnormal in G if H can be connected to G by a chain of r subgroups, in which each is normal in its successor, where r is a non-negative integer. The least such r is called the subnormal index of H in G (or the defect of H in G). Then groups in which normality is transitive are precisely those in which every subnormal subgroup has subnormal index at most one. Thus the structure of soluble groups in which every subnormal subgroup has subnormal index at most n (such a group is said to have bounded subnormal indices) has been dealt with by Robinson in [9] for the case where n is one. However Theorem D of [12] states that a soluble group of derived length n can be embedded in a soluble group in which the subnormal indices are at most n. Therefore we must impose further conditions on the groups if we hope to obtain any worthwhile results for the above problem with n greater than one.