The chapter explores co-speech gestures in spoken political discourse. It defines co-speech gesture as a fundamental feature of communication which is implicated in the discursive performance of prejudice. Gesture-speech relations are discussed and a classification of gestures is provided. It is shown how speech and gesture may interact with respect to schematisation, viewpoint, attention and metaphor. Two case studies focussed on the gestural style of right-wing populism are presented. The first considers the co-speech gestures executed by Donald Trump during a campaign rally. The analysis highlights his comedic use of gestures, the use of iconic and enactment gestures in connection with his border wall policy, and his use of points and shrugs to engage with his audience in different ways. The second focusses on co-speech gestures in the anti-immigration discourse of Nigel Farage. The analysis shows that legitimating moves characteristic of immigration discourse, including focussing, denial, authorisation, deixis, proximisation, metaphor, quantification and aspectising, when performed in spoken discourse are multimodal and involve a gestural component.

In the previous chapter we discussed what risk is and how managing risk is an essential element of every financial decision. Risk stems from uncertainty about the future. In this chapter, we introduce and explain financial contracts—options—that help resolve uncertainty by allowing an asset to be traded at a fixed price in the future after observing outcomes. More specifically, put options allow the choice to sell or not sell an underlying asset in the future, while call options allow the choice to buy or not buy an underlying asset in the future. The owner does not have to sell (in the case of a put) or buy (in the case of a call) in the future if it is not beneficial to them. Thus, the value of option contracts is that they embed flexibility—the owner makes the decision after the market price of the underlying asset is observed.

There are several reasons to be ethically concerned about the development and use of AI. In this contribution, we focus on one specific theme of concern: moral responsibility. In particular, we consider whether the use of autonomous AI causes a responsibility gap and put forward the thesis is that this is not the case. Our argument proceeds as follows. First, we provide some conceptual background by discussing respectively what autonomous systems are, how the notion of responsibility can be understood, and what the responsibility gap is about. Second, we explore to which extent it could make sense to assign responsibility to artificial systems. Third, we argue that the use of autonomous systems does not necessarily lead to a responsibility gap. In the fourth and last section of this chapter, we set out why the responsibility gap – even if it were to exist – is not necessarily problematic.

In the previous chapter we went over the process by which investors form portfolios, how to measure the risk and return of a given portfolio, and how an optimal portfolio can be chosen from a riskless asset and a set of risky assets. We saw that the optimal portfolio consists of holding some portion of one’s money in the riskless asset and some portion in the tangency portfolio consisting of the optimal combination of risky assets (OCRA). In this chapter we introduce the capital asset pricing model (CAPM), which specifies exactly what the OCRA should be. The CAPM predicts, under a set of assumptions, that the OCRA consists of holding all assets in the market in proportion to their value. Thus, all investors should hold some combination of the market portfolio and the riskless asset because it is most efficient.

Portugal’s education progress from 2003 to 2015 has been praised as one of the most successful cases in OECD countries. This chapter describes the main factors of this evolution, highlighting policy measures taken on the aftermath of the 1995 TIMSS and 2000 PISA shocks. These policy measures include a more detailed curricular development, the improvement of standard assessment and the disclosure of schools’ results. These changes acted against the background of an experienced teacher body and counted with a discreet, but powerful factor: the reliance on quality textbooks. This chapter describes the recent evolution of textbooks’ role and their part in keeping both stability and improvement in the taught and assessed curriculum. It concludes with an account of how these apparently successful reforms were halted after years of bipartisan support.

As the nineteenth turned into the twentieth century, Japan remained an enthusiastic participant at exhibitions overseas (Chicago 1893, Paris 1900, St Louis 1904, London 1910), showing off both its indigenous endowments (art and architecture, imperial history) and modern achievements (burgeoning industry, victorious military, and emergent empire). It was not able to prevent others supplying the more familiar Japan demanded by white audiences, who were interested in exoticism but dismissive of seeming mimicry. At home, too, the government was beginning to endorse, and cities to exploit, the use of exhibitions as much for municipal development as industrial promotion. This chapter examines in detail how Kyoto in 1895, Osaka in 1903, and Tokyo in 1907 used ‘industrial’ exhibitions to present themselves as tourist destination, industrial powerhouse, and metropolitan primate, respectively. To do it, exhibitions increasingly supplemented didactic exhibits with popular attractions, opening up a space where the press could use exhibitions as much for social commentary as economic report.

In Chapter 13 we saw that the general choice of financing—debt or equity—affected overall firm value only due to frictions such as agency problems or asymmetric information. Debt and equity financing can come from many different sources in the financial system, and the institutional details of these sources can introduce important considerations for the firms seeking financing. In this chapter we explore the different sources of financing that may be available and/or feasible for firms to use at various stages of their lives: from new startup firms to mature and stable publicly traded corporations. Broadly speaking, the global financial system successfully meets the financial needs of the many different types of firms that operate in the economy. However, firms are constantly in flux, and as a result so are their financial needs. While the financial sources we discuss in this chapter continue to be important to the financial system, in response to the evolving nature of firms, new financial innovations and different ways of financing are always being introduced.

The safe and effective delivery of neuroanaesthesia in children requires knowledge of normal development and neurophysiology. Preoperative assessment must pay particular attention to the symptoms and signs of raised intracranial pressure. The conduct of anaesthesia is influenced by the underlying pathology, the procedure being performed and the need for intraoperative neuromonitoring. Extreme vigilance is required in circumstances where venous air embolus (VAE) is a risk, and the provision of appropriate facilities is essential.

The conclusions commence with the warnings against idolatry contained in the ancient inscriptions of the basilica of San Marco, words that appear to have taken on a new resonance in light of the image debates of the Cinquecento. Some observations on the prevailing mindset with regard to majestically constructed and adorned churches are then made, contrasting the wide acceptance for such projects amongst late sixteenth-century Catholics to the Protestant distaste for the ‘idolatrous’ statues and images to be found throughout Venice. This book closes by reasserting one its central themes: the ability of contemporary artists in the city to invent novel visual solutions that encouraged certain beliefs at a fertile moment in the history of art.

In this chapter, we investigate whether Fox News’ presence in districts shaped the competitive electoral landscape by influencing potential candidates’ perceptions about the partisan make-up of the constituency in the district and shaping their perceived chances of winning or losing. Specifically, in this chapter, we test whether the entry of Fox News created the perception of a rightward shift in district party composition among potential Republican candidates considering a run in the district. We find that in districts with more Fox News availability, high-quality potential Republican candidates were more likely to challenge Democratic incumbents, especially if the districts were closely competitive.

The chapter outlines key principles in Cognitive CDA, which inherits its social theory from CDA and from cognitive linguistics inherits a particular view of language and a framework for analysing language (as well as other semiotic modes). In connection with CDA, the chapter describes the dialectical relationship conceived between discourse and society. Key concepts relating to the dialogicality of discourse are also introduced, namely intertextuality and interdiscursivity. The central role of discourse in maintaining power and inequality is described with a focus on the ideological and legitimating functions of language and conceptualisation. In connection with cognitive linguistics, the chapter describes the non-autonomous nature of language, the continuity between grammar and the lexicon and the experiential grounding of language. The key concept of construal and its implications for ideology in language and conceptualisation are discussed. A framework in which construal operations are related to discursive strategies and domain-general cognitive systems and processes is set out. The chapter closes by briefly introducing the main models and methods of Cognitive CDA.

The aim of this chapter is to explore issues around UNESCO World Heritage sites, especially relating to biodiversity in the MENA region. It discusses challenges to the effective conservation and protection of heritage sites and the need for a holistic approach to conservation. Sections address the following: the fifty-year institutional development of UNESCO World Heritage, leading to the current situation of urgent action needed on climate change and the Sustainable Development Agenda 2015–30; World Heritage in the MENA region, especially biodiversity issues; and related legal, policy, and regulatory issues of biodiversity protection, including prospects for reviving intangible knowledge, and their relation to the Sustainable Development Goals 11, 13, and 15. Conclusions and recommendations address prospects for biodiversity and World Heritage protection in the region.

The neonatal period marks the transition from prenatal to postnatal life. This transition is characterised by rapid physiological change and neurodevelopmental plasticity. Anaesthesia, surgery and perioperative events have the potential to trigger long-lasting adverse outcomes. Understanding the changes that occur in the neonatal period is the key to delivering safe and effective care. In this chapter, we consider the development of major organ systems in utero, the transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life and aspects of newborn physiology relevant to the paediatric anaesthetist. We will also address the continuing debate regarding the potential for anaesthesia exposure in infancy to lead to persistent neurocognitive impairment.

Johnson’s political views were complex, partly because they were based on a deeper philosophy of the individual and society. Placed here by divine providence, each person has something to do for the good of others; and legislators, too, can play their part in preserving human relationships from individual malice. Crucially, governments must also keep order, and ward off the possibility of social breakdown – the Civil War was within living memory when Johnson was growing up. Thus he praised hierarchy and state-enforced religious unity, inasmuch as it mean harmony and security. Johnson’s political writings are often combative and bluntly phrased: in his early work as an Opposition journalist, outraged at censorship and creeping tyranny; in his fierce critiques of imperial exploitation and slavery; and in his contempt for the radicals who appealed to ‘liberty’ – a slogan Johnson regarded with some suspicion. In his journey to the Scottish Highlands, meanwhile, Johnson praised traditional authority while showing no nostalgia for feudalism.