From 1967 onwards, the maritime powers revived their campaign against other states’ expanding claims to coastal waters, this time nudged along by a new member of the club: the USSR. Their greatest concern at this time was not the twelve-mile territorial sea limit, which they now deemed acceptable, nor fisheries, which took second place to strategic concerns, but rather the overlapping of straits by newly extended territorial seas. At the United Nations law of the sea conference of 1973–1982, they rejected the unsuspendable innocent passage regime set out in the Corfu Channel decision and the 1958 territorial sea convention, and agitated instead for ‘transit passage’ through straits. This regime, delinked from the idea of innocent passage, upheld freedom of navigation and overflight in straits used for international navigation, and confirmed that submarines were permitted to transit straits submerged. The straits states, wishing to retain some control over adjacent waters, managed to claw back one concession relating to enforcement if a vessel was ‘causing or threatening major damage to the marine environment of the straits’.

The chapter is concerned with metaphor and focusses specifically on war metaphors in political discourses. The cognitive mechanisms at work in metaphor are described with an emphasis on frames as the unit of conceptual organisation that gets mapped in political metaphors. Recent experimental studies demonstrating the framing effects of metaphor are discussed. The war frame is described to include discussion of intertextuality as a means of accessing it. Three case studies are then presented exploring war metaphors in discourses of Covid-19, Brexit and immigration. Analogies with the first and second world wars in particular are highlighted and critiqued. The chapter defines and discusses extreme metaphors illustrated through examples in which immigrants are compared to animals and closes with a discussion of how readers may resist extreme metaphors.

Chapter 7 examines representations of the afterlife: the heavens and purgatory. Venetian artists created some of the most spectacular visions of paradise of the century, works that pulse with vibrancy and life, deploying a series of artistic devices to insist on the veracity of the supernatural. Venice was also home to one of the earliest and most comprehensive purgatorial cycles in Italy, a theme that became an ever more popular one as the seventeenth century progressed.

When the conference delegates turned their attention to seabed mining, many proclaimed the great importance of the issue – from either a positive or negative perspective – declaring that it would underwrite a new international economic order, or present a fundamental threat to land-based mining industries, or exemplify the virtues of the free market. The problem was that no state knew how profitable seabed exploitation might be, or the technological challenges involved, or its potential effect on commodities markets. Because of this uncertainty, none of them wanted to put themselves at a potential disadvantage or forego future rewards, so the negotiations were particularly hard fought and protracted. One casualty would be the common heritage concept, replaced with the parallel system by the G5 powers, and with technology transfer by the G77 countries. Another casualty was the cooperation between the industrial powers, with some proposing anti-monopoly clauses and production quotas to protect their own mining concerns and constrain competitors. The outcome managed to displease every state, but most eventually signed the convention with the agreed seabed provisions in 1982.

This chapter surveys both the rich tradition of Renaissance botanical literature and some of the critical strategies currently developing around them: ecocriticism, ecofeminism, and critical plant studies. It focuses on the co-existence of myth and science in Renaissance botanical texts and the capacity of Renaissance literature to clarify the advantages and drawbacks of bestowing personhood on plants. Renaissance literature reveals the socio-political, intellectual, and aesthetic processes by which plants became hostage to two separate cultures: the scientific and aesthetic. The chapter also argues that a properly historicised view of Renaissance plant writing might in some respects make early modern texts more relevant to the present by reviving pre-Enlightenment worldviews and pre-Industrial notions of ecological enmeshment.

Can we develop machines that exhibit intelligent behavior? And how can we build machines that perform a task without being explicitly programmed but by learning from examples or experience? Those are central questions for the domain of artificial intelligence. In this chapter, we introduce this domain from a technical perspective and dive deeper into machine learning and reasoning, which are essential for the development of AI.

This chapter addresses early modern England’s ‘useful’ genres of plant writing – printed herbals and gardening manuals. As they developed in printed formats across the sixteenth century, received by enthusiastic users and consumers, both genres of plant literature promised to improve the lives of their readers, bringing them pleasure and profit and guiding them in the cultivation, identification, appreciation, and therapeutic application of vegetable beings. This chapter explores more deeply exactly what it meant for these works to be ‘useful’, and the various uses to which they were put, through a consideration of their bibliographic and literary form, extant evidence of readerly engagement, and their long-reaching effects when it came to cultural and scientific authority and the development of botany as a colonial science.

In previous chapters we explored how to calculate the value of a company, given decisions that it had already made. In subsequent chapters we then focused on decisions that a manager within a company could make, and how they affect company value, such as project investment decisions. In this chapter we continue to examine decisions made by companies, and focus on a particularly important decision—the financing decision. Capital structure is the mix of financing sources that a firm uses to fund its operations, growth, and investment projects. A firm may choose to use internal funding from operations, or use external funding from issuing debt (bonds) or equity (stock), or other financing instruments.

While most scholars of criminalized governance in Rio de Janeiro attribute its origins to the prison-based factions which formed during the military dictatorship (1964–85), this chapter argues that these arrangements emerged before, in the homes and on the streets and alleyways of the city’s favelas and housing projects. This chapter investigates these origins by focusing on the first embryonic gangs in Complexo da Maré in the 1970s. Combining archival research with oral histories of longtime residents, the chapter documents the emergence of Maré’s gangs after a variety of other non-state actors that had previously provided governance were increasingly marginalized during Brazil’s military dictatorship and as the abusive practices of police became more widespread. Maré’s incipient gang networks quickly began to compete over valuable drug-selling turf and, as the more successful ones consolidated territorial control, they expanded their organizations and governance activities. The chapter concludes with a description of the history of Rio’s prison-based factions and the marriage between these two organizational forms as the favela-based gangs integrated into these citywide networks.

This chapter describes the principles and practice of anaesthesia for dental surgery. A comprehensive account of the assessment, planning and conduct of anaesthesia is given. Commonly performed dental procedures are considered in detail, together with the management of dentofacial infection and maxillofacial trauma in children.

This conversation explores how technology changes the way disputes are solved. The focus is on the impact of artificial intelligence. After reporting on a competition, in which lawyers and an artificial intelligence competed to accurately predict the outcome of disputes before the UK Financial Ombudsman, the speaker explains how artificial intelligence is practically used in dispute resolution. Such use cases include the production of information, the creation of focused analyses, the finding of decisions and the generation of communication. The speaker then presents research projects using artificial intelligence to predict dispute outcomes in the courts of different countries. The conversation also addresses the ethical questions arising from different use cases of artificial intelligence in conflict resolution. In conclusion, the potential of artificial intelligence to improve access to justice is identified together with the ethical challenges that need to be addressed.

We have in the previous chapters identified different types of the raw materials and products that can ensure a transformation from a petroleum-based to a bio-based society. We have discussed how raw materials can be converted to the required end-products. Before we end up with the final purified product, we still need a number of separation and purification steps. We need to select proper separation methods to reduce the cost of the process and ensure the required quality of our product. In this chapter, we will define the key parameters that are necessary to know to identify the relevant processes. This includes feed concentration, particle characteristics, and solvent properties. The chapter will introduce the existing methods for product purification and introduce guidelines for the selection of the best technologies for the separation and purification processes.

This is the first of three chapters which present ‘mini-studies’ of dignity. If, as the book argues, abstract discussion of dignity elides much of what we need to know about the concept, these mini-studies are designed to illustrate how a more contextualised treatment can take us further. Each of the mini-studies is concerned with dignity at a particular time, in a particular place, and with reference to a particular object. In the case of this chapter, the object is a series of photographs taken of Trucanini, a Tasmanian Aboriginal woman once (erroneously) said to be the ‘last of her race’. The chapter explores dignity at the intersection of colonial photography and Victorian race science.