If the conventional wisdom brought about by Obama's success with Black voters was true then community commitment signaling should not be necessary for Black politicians as the shared physical similarities should be enough to garner support from Black voters. The findings in this chapter do not support that conventional thinking. On the contrary, I find that community commitment signals are very effective for Black man politicians when the signals they use are costly ones that rely on personal sacrifice. Black woman politicians, however, are perceived to be committed without the use of signals offering important evidence of gendered differences even within the ranks of Black politicians.

This chapter considers the shared experiences of humans and plant-life in the vernacular traditions of medieval England c. 700–1500, considering their representation in Old English and Old Norse, Middle English, and associated literatures. In particular, it focuses on those instances in which plants, principally trees, undergo physical and emotional suffering, highlighting the ways in which these articulate the experience of individual humans and broader kinship groups. In several instances, whether directly or indirectly, these literary plant-lives also serve didactic purposes, and are used to express religious, folkloric, and/or gnomic wisdom, ranging from the elevated to the everyday. Thus, The Dream of the Rood and The History of the Holy Rood narrate the role of the rood-tree in the crucifixion of Christ and human spiritual history, whilst those of Le Fresne and The Floure and the Leafe reflect moral and social preoccupations and contemporary belief. Raising questions about the literary-cultural exploitation of plant-life to represent medieval human experience, this chapter considers the inescapability of arboreal metaphor – a consequence not only of the shared world of humans and trees, but of our shared vulnerabilities.

How did ordinary working people imagine their political communities and futures within displacement and conflict in Khartoum, and how did they try to turn these ideas into action? The introduction sets out the book’s key intervention in African intellectual histories, opening up working-class and displaced people’s political projects outside of print media and universities, built around exploitative jobs, surveillance, and everyday violence and racism within the war. Challenging current political analyses of modern African civil wars, it also explores its wider contributions to ideas of Blackness and racial identification in modern Sudanese and African histories, and to urban histories of displacement and refuge, setting intellectual history within its practical and time-consuming context of long bus rides, paperwork, jobs, and racist policing. The Introduction also outlines the methodological basis in a creative but fragmentary archive and competing translations and interpretations, setting out a structure for the following chapters.

This chapter describes the principles and practice of anaesthesia for oncology and other medical procedures. A comprehensive account of the assessment, planning and conduct of anaesthesia for these patients is given. Common paediatric cancers and their relevance to anaesthesia are discussed.

Seventeenth-century Cavalier poetry (by Jonson, Waller, Lovelace, Suckling, and Herrick) tends to focus on what the poet predictably wants from the material world, often based on analogies between plants and the desired objects, which are often young women. Metaphysical poetry of the same period (by King, Herbert, Donne, Whitney, Wroth, and Vaughan) focuses instead, often by a plant metaphor, on what the poet is, fears to be, and wishes to be. For the Cavalier poets, plants are primarily objects of sensual appetite: focal points of the male gaze, fruit for erotic cravings, and instruments of the carpe diem tradition. For the Metaphysical poets of the same period, plants are usually metaphors for the speakers’ own subjectivity, and instruments of the project of the nosce te ipsum tradition: knowing oneself matters more than seducing others. Other poets (Fane, Marvell, Traherne, and Lanyer) actively resist that binary distinction. Great House poems and feminist perspectives illuminate the social stakes in the opposing poetic tendencies.

Throughout the post-war decades, archipelagic states such as Indonesia and the Philippines, given impetus by the Fisheries decision, stressed the organic relationship between land and sea within an archipelago – an approach in marked contrast to the existing law’s terrestrial orientation. This relationship was presented as grounds for specific claims to archipelagic waters enclosed within straight baselines. The concept was subject to various challenges: from outright opponents who resented archipelagic encroachments on the high seas and the seabed; from continental states with outlying archipelagos who wished to claim the same rights as mid-ocean archipelagos; and from the maritime powers, who wished to safeguard unimpeded passage through other states’ archipelagic waters. In the event, the United States made recognition of the concept conditional on the acceptance of archipelagic sea lanes, within which transiting vessels would enjoy extensive rights unfettered by archipelagic state control.

Seen from Europe and America, exhibitions reinforce our understanding of World War I as watershed, marking a turn from the confident embrace of industry and empire to a world of economic anxiety, colonial ambivalence, and modernist experiment. Japan shared in these too, but the evidence of exhibitions also points to continuities, of municipal aspiration, ongoing commercialization, and colonial development. This chapter shows how ongoing urbanization and continental empire increased the demand for exhibitions from private companies, local governments, and colonial authorities, both to tie themselves to the nation and to find a distinctive place for themselves on the imperial map. They were also eager to cater to the emerging middle-class demand for the things that would provide them with a cultured but moral urban life. The demand, in turn, provided employment for a new breed of showmen (rankaiya), who were able to provide the attractions and advertising to make sure the visitors would come.

Explores issues of checkerboarding and federal, state, and Tribal jurisdiction patterns on migratory pronghorn antelope through the story of a famous case – Taylor V. Lawrence – about a famous fence.

The book is an attempt to rewrite Atlantic history by reassessing the story of the slave trade. As already noted, it is based on the digital humanities project www.slavevoyages.org, which at the time of writing is fourteen years old. If we include its CD-ROM predecessor published by Cambridge University Press in 1999, the data it provides have been in the public domain for a quarter-century. In that time many millions of visitors, whether scholars, students, the media, or interested members of the public have drawn on it in ways that its compilers and editors could never have imagined. Many more again have passed through exhibitions around the Atlantic world, including the permanent display of Washington, DC’s National Museum of African American History and Culture, and the Nantes Memorial to the Abolition of Slavery that have incorporated its offerings. Few discussions of the slave trade fail to cite this resource. It is often described as a model of what the social sciences should be trying to achieve – presenting reliable, accessible, and renewable data to the interested public along with some basic interpretations. Consistent with this assessment, it has received financial support from a range of countries that almost matches the reach of the slave trade itself. In what many will see as appropriate, the only continent that has not contributed funding to its development is Africa. Public and private financial support over the years amounts to several million US dollars.

This chapter describes the principles and practice of anaesthesia for craniofacial surgery. A comprehensive account of the assessment, planning and conduct of anaesthesia is given. Commonly performed craniofacial procedures will be considered in detail, along with specific anaesthetic considerations.

In this chapter, the second of the book’s mini-studies of dignity, we turn to early twentieth-century India. Here the object is cloth, and the focus is on Gandhi’s campaign for the manufacture and use of homespun cloth (khadi). The language of dignity was a striking feature of that campaign; Gandhi appealed to Indians to ‘realise their dignity’ by discarding their foreign cloth and renewing their home textile industry. Yet while he made that appeal, the great Dalit leader B. R. Ambedkar insisted that dignity could not be achieved for all Indians without social transformation, including the dismantling of the Hindu system of caste.

This appendix develops the foundations of additive utility functions and characterizes properties such as concavity and scale/translation invariance, and related notions of risk aversion.