There is no doubt that AI systems, and the large-scale processing of personal data that often accompanies their development and use, has put a strain on individuals’ fundamental rights and freedoms. Against that background, this chapter aims to walk the reader through a selection of key concerns arising from the application of the GDPR to the training and use of such systems. First, it clarifies the position and role of the GDPR within the broader European data protection regulatory framework. Next, it delineates its scope of application by delving into the pivotal notions of “personal data,” “controller,” and “processor.” Lastly, it highlights some friction points between the characteristics inherent to most AI systems and the general principles outlined in Article 5 GDPR, including lawfulness, transparency, purpose limitation, data minimization, and accountability.

Ophthalmic surgery takes place in children of all ages, from premature neonates to teenagers, the majority of whom are ASA 1 or 2. In some cases, the ocular pathology may be part of a wider congenital or metabolic abnormality and anaesthesia is not so straightforward. Nearly all will require general anaesthesia. Anxiety can be common in children returning for repeated procedures, and premedication may be necessary. Surgery can be extraocular or intraocular. Simple day-case procedures can usually be managed with an inhalational spontaneous breathing technique and supraglottic airway device (SAD). Certain more complex cases necessitate a completely still eye, and muscle relaxation is therefore usually required. Special anaesthetic considerations are management of the oculocardiac reflex (OCR), commonly elicited by traction on the recti muscles and prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV); strabismus surgery is particularly emetogenic. The majority of ophthalmic surgery is not particularly painful, and simple analgesia with paracetamol and NSAIDs is sufficient. Regional ophthalmic blocks, such as sub-Tenons, can supplement or offer an alternative to opiates when additional analgesia is required. This has the added advantage of producing akinesis of the globe and a beneficial reduction in PONV and the OCR.

This chapter investigates whether the community commitment signaling framework is only applicable to Black politicians. Much of the work that explores Black political representation focuses on the relationship that Black people have with Black politicians despite the fact that they, on average, vote for more White politicians than Black ones, especially at higher levels of office. Using the same experimental design from the two previous chapters, I look into whether Black voters' expectations for commitment only exist for politicians who look like them. I find that while the baseline preference for politicians does favor Black ones, White politicians, particularly White men politicians, who engage costly sacrificial behavior still gain Black support. White woman politicians, however, see little to no improvement in perceptions of them regardless of the signal they use. This effect is driven primarily by Black woman respondents. On the whole, this chapter provides strong evidence for the generalizability of the community commitment framework outside of the same-race representation context.

This chapter will give you a fundamental understanding of microbial metabolism and the chemical and biochemical reactions associated with industrial biomass refining. After going through this chapter and solving the assignments, the reader will be able to describe biomass processing and perform the stoichiometric and kinetic calculations needed to solve given biomass processing challenges.

This chapter explores what we know about violence against young people with cognitive disability. It looks at what can make it more likely that young people with cognitive disability are abused. It’s hard to really know how many young people with cognitive disability have experienced violence. Young people with cognitive disability can be harmed by workers, family, or friends who are meant to help them. Abuse can happen in many places. Services and society need to learn how to keep young people with cognitive disability safe. We need to make sure young people can make decisions for themselves.

In the previous chapter we explored how to determine the interest rates (rates of return) for risk-fee assets (i.e., investments with no default risk); however, individuals and investment professionals invest their wealth in not only risk-free assets, but also risky assets. There are a great number of risky assets, such as individual stocks, that individuals can potentially invest in, and thus individuals can form a portfolio of different assets. In addition to choosing which assets to invest in, individuals must also choose how much to invest in each asset. The process through which people choose assets to invest their wealth in is called portfolio selection.

Policy and investments based on assumptions of rational economic behaviour are often blind to the deeply ingrained social and cultural dispositions that govern choices. For instance, demand-driven ideologies backing community management assume that users will manage and pay for water infrastructure they need. Public awareness campaigns communicate water-related health risks assuming that information will change behaviour. However, extensive evidence across geographies and cultures have proven otherwise. To understand individuals’ and households’ daily water practices and how they vary across different environmental and institutional contexts, we designed and implemented the water diary method in Kenya and Bangladesh. The diaries captured household water source choices and expenditures every day for a whole year, complemented by interdisciplinary analysis of climate, infrastructure, and policy. With global and national monitoring efforts being largely based on aggregate snapshots generated through infrequent surveys, we argue how such granular behavioural dynamics can better inform policy and practice for an equitable water secure future.

This chapter draws on empirical research that demonstrates that utility model protection can address differential capture or appropriability needs for a firm’s portfolio of inventions in terms of time and cost. We propose that a “zone of appropriability preference” exists when utility models and standard patents overlap, and this zone provides important opportunities to firms with global intellectual property portfolios. Using the European Patent Office’s PATSTAT patent data and a novel experimental construct that tracks inventions that are pursued as a utility model instead of a standard patent, we demonstrate that firms appear to seek utility model protection when their overall appropriability needs differ by region. We make the case that a firm may choose standard patent protection in one region and utility model protection in another, even though standard patent protection is available in both settings