There were practical limits to these political imaginaries and projects. People needed to work, and the war was a source of employment for many displaced people. This chapter explores the parallel systems of governance in Khartoum that southern militia-running businessmen (including Kerubino Kuanyin Bol, Paulino Matip, Abdel Bagi Ayii Akol, and others) organised in Khartoum, including their own prisons, barracks, and offices. Many residents drew on their jobs, sympathetic policing, and ‘traditional’ courts, but these rebel authorities also propagated their own ideas of future structures of political community based on regional zones of ethno-political authority. This is an unrecorded history of militia governance, looking beyond these authorities’ immediate mercenary aims and exploring their leadership’s and members’ own critiques of governance and models of power. This sets a challenge to current studies of rebel governance systems, which rarely examine pro-government proxy militias. It also outlines how the more creative, inclusive, and imaginative intellectual work detailed in this book was undermined (and ultimately buried) by these wartime exigencies and practical (if mercenary) structures of militia work and ethnic self-defence.

This chapter reviews the main points of the manuscript and discusses in detail the implications of this work. Black voters are not the only identity group for whom popular assumptions have been made. Indeed, Latinx and LGBTQ+ voters have also been subject to beliefs about how their identity informs their candidate selection. This chapter deconstructs the community commitment signaling framework to explain how it can be applied to other groups. Moreover, this chapter discusses the limitation of the community commitment signaling and invites deeper thinking about the role of racial identity in political representation.

The broader work on candidate selection often makes the case that usage of identity, particularly race, is a sign of one's lacking political sophistication. In this chapter, I explain that this belief stems from the oversimplification of the conceptualization of race as just skin color. This position ignores the social complexities of racial identity within which many Black individuals operate. Relying on existing observation data, I show that Black voters make important distinctions between politicians based on their perceptions of them as a "problem solver" or a "prestige seeker." This distinction and the subsequent evaluations hold even for Black politicians suggesting that even within the same-race representation paradigm, Black voters' desire for a politician who cares more for the group than themselves remains steadfast. This chapter sets the stage for a deeper exploration into the nuances and distinctions Black voters make between politicians, regardless of their race

Chapter 6 takes as its subject the relatively sudden proliferation of narrative images of the virtuous deeds and dramatic martyrdom of the saints that became popular themes for altarpieces in the second half of the sixteenth century. These transformations to the altarpiece were the result of earlier artistic developments, but they were also shaped by the context of the Reformations.

This chapter takes three plant types – the shady tree, the happy crop, and the wayside flower – as starting points for an exploration of ancient attitudes towards plants as both in harmony with and divergent from human worldviews and goals. It demonstrates how the same or similar plants can represent very different moods in different settings, sometimes positively reinforcing a human view, sometimes obstructing it. The connection between the sense of a human lifespan and the longevity or brevity of plants’ lives is forged and reforged in different contexts, while very human concerns with morality and aesthetics are differently projected onto these three broad categories of plant. Ranging from the earliest Greek works to the mid-imperial period of Rome, the chapter highlights both some continuities and some differences emerging in the course of around 900 years of literary engagement with plants.

Since 1985, when China’s first Patent Law came into effect, China has established a legal protection system for utility models. At present, after four revisions of the Patent Law, China’s utility model patent legal system has also been improved. However, among the authorized utility model patents, those that fully meet the necessary conditions of novelty and inventive step might be in the minority. Of course, this phenomenon is not unique in China. The purpose of this chapter is to illuminate the ongoing optimization of the Chinese utility model patent system in the context of the development of China’s overall patent system. Accordingly, Part Ⅰ traces the emergence of China’s Patent System, including the Chinese utility model patent-based subsystem. Part Ⅱ centers on the basic contours of the Chinese utility model patent system. Part Ⅲ then summarizes existing deficiencies of the Chinese utility model patent system and future development trends. It concludes with a discussion of potential implications of proposed revisions to the Chinese utility model patent system.

This chapter describes the principles and practice of anaesthesia for radiological imaging and interventional procedures. A comprehensive account of the assessment, planning and conduct of anaesthesia for these patients is given. Commonly performed interventional radiology procedures and their associated conditions are considered in detail. Consideration of the challenges of providing anaesthesia in ‘remote sites’, such as the imaging suite, is offered.

Children presenting for general paediatric surgery range in both age and complexity from neonates undergoing hernia repair to older children undergoing appendicectomy or excision of extensive neuroblastoma. In this chapter, we provide an overview of general surgery for infants and children beyond the neonatal period. We discuss the anaesthetic management of major and minor cases highlighting the variety of general and regional anaesthetic techniques available to anaesthetists. Children presenting for major surgery or multiple procedures or those with significant additional comorbidities warrant additional attention. Here, close communication with the surgeon and wider multidisciplinary team is necessary to establish risks, develop plans to mitigate risk and communicate risk to children and parents effectively.

In this first chapter of Part II of the book on the mathematical methods of continuum physics, the continuum governing equations in Part I are related to three simple partial-differential equations that are analyzed throughout Part II: (1) the scalar wave equation, (2) the scalar diffusion equation, and (3) the scalar Poisson (or Laplace) equation. The nature of the boundary and initial conditions required in specifying well-posed boundary-value problems for each type of partial-differential equation is derived. The three types of equations are then solved using the method of separation of variables. In so doing, the most essential things to remember about the nature of the solution to wave, diffusion, and potential boundary-value problems are presented.

Patient safety is the avoidance of unintended or unexpected harm to people during the provision of health care. Anaesthetists have been leaders in patient safety for decades. In the United Kingdom, wholesale reform of children’s surgical delivery was undertaken after review of paediatric surgical outcomes in the 1990s, and in cardiac surgery, after an anaesthetist noted poor patient outcomes in children undergoing the arterial switch operation (see Kennedy 1996 in ‘Further Reading’).