The Christian cartoonist E. J. Pace (1880–1946) began his career during the fundamentalist–modernist controversy of the 1920s. Pace often reacted against liberal evangelicalism, or modernism, in his cartoons, and Islam appeared alongside it on several occasions. This article discusses for the first time Pace's Islam-inspired cartoons. It explores the socioreligious contexts of their creation and the theological reasons why Pace used them as a tool with which to attack modernism and its perceived threat to America's souls. Pace may have cartooned Islam to bolster fundamentalist evangelicalism, but his cartoons also create moments of unintended unity that remain culturally relevant today.

In this work, we develop a method for robust single-cycle measurement velocity vector estimation for automotive radar. Building upon our previous work, we introduce a methodology that leverages spatial diversity for accurate estimation of the velocity vector of targets in the medium to close ranges. We extend our initial conceptual framework, addressing limitations from our first approach and proposing necessary enhancements for real-world applicability. Our improved process excels in target separation, identification, and velocity vector estimation, proving effective across various scenarios and minimizing errors. The system, tested on pedestrians and metal targets, presents a promising avenue for exploring its performance with varying target sizes. Simultaneously, our in-depth study on Doppler-multiplex modulation reveals new relevant constraints, prompting a modulation change for improved response separation. Despite the necessity of increasing module numbers for enhanced performance, our structured approach to target itemization and classification positions our methodology as a valuable framework for future systems, offering a comprehensive solution to diverse challenges in target estimation and classification within the automotive landscape.

In 1916, a Russian contingent of 24,000 men landed in Salonika to fight alongside the French, Serbian and British armies on the Front d'Orient. Until December 1917, these troops fought against the Bulgarian troops, occupied Greek territory, and helped to bring Greece into line with the Entente. This article explains the reasons that prompted the Russian command to send such a contingent to a distant theatre, at a time when the Russian army was facing a manpower crisis. It reassesses the meaning that the imperial elites gave to the conflict and the role they attributed to Russia in the Balkans.

During a rainfall event, water infiltrates into the ground where it accumulates in porous rocks. This accumulation pushes the underlying groundwater towards neighbouring streams, where it runs to the sea. After the rain has stopped, the aquifer gradually releases its excess water, as the water table relaxes, until the next rain. In the absence of recharge, the water table would eventually reach its horizontal equilibrium position. The volume of groundwater stored above this level, which we call the active volume, sustains the river between two rainfall events. In this article, we use an experimental aquifer recharged by artificial rain to investigate how this active volume depends on the rainfall rate. Restricting our analysis to the steady-state regime, wherein the discharge into the stream balances rainfall, we explore a broad range of rainfall rates, for which the water table deforms significantly. We find that the active volume of water stored in the aquifer decreases with its depth. Using conformal mapping, we derive the flow equations and develop a numerical procedure that accounts for the active volume of groundwater in our experiments. In the case of an infinitely deep aquifer, the problem admits a closed-form solution, which provides a satisfying estimate of the active volume when the aquifer's depth is at least half its width. In the general case, a rougher estimate results from the energy balance of the dissipative groundwater flow.

The development of the water transporting xylem tissue in plants involves an intricate interplay of Rho-of-Plants (ROP) proteins and cortical microtubules to generate highly functional secondary cell wall patterns, such as the ringed or spiral patterns in early-developing protoxylem. We study the requirements of protoxylem microtubule band formation with simulations in CorticalSim, extended to include finite microtubule persistence length and a novel algorithm for microtubule-based nucleation. We find that microtubule flexibility facilitates pattern formation for all realistic degrees of mismatch between array and pattern orientation. At the same time, flexibility leads to more density loss, both from collisions and the microtubule-hostile gap regions, making it harder to maintain microtubule bands. Microtubule-dependent nucleation helps to counteract this effect by gradually shifting nucleation from the gap regions to the bands as microtubules disappear from the gaps. Our results reveal mechanisms that can result in robust protoxylem band formation.

In recent times, forensic science has increasingly relied on methods that use stable and radioactive isotope analysis to identify human remains. The use of 14C-AMS dating of dental enamel and dentine of an individual allows the estimation of the year of birth, while that of stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen can provide information on their geographical origin. Isotopic analysis of a tissue complements existing identification techniques, enhancing the capacity to refine, exclude, and affirm investigative approaches directed towards individual identification.

The primary aim of this exploratory study is to amalgamate diverse isotopic methodologies conducive to the prompt and accurate identification of a deceased individual. In this manuscript, we elucidate the application of a rapid processing technique for whole molars from individuals with documented ages, employed to ascertain age through 14C-AMS dating. Furthermore, an investigation was undertaken to assess the capacity of carbon and oxygen-stable isotopes in distinguishing regional disparities. To achieve this, we conducted a comparative analysis of tooth samples sourced from individuals residing in three cities within the Mexican Republic: Mexico City in the central region, Oaxaca City in the southern region, and Tepic Nayarit on the western Pacific coast. The age of dental piece formation, as estimated through 14C-AMS, exhibited a precise correlation with the actual age. By means of the stable isotope outcomes, the data disclosed substantial disparities in 13C and 18O abundances among teeth from individuals residing in the three cities.

On relational structures and on polymodal logics, we describe operations which preserve local tabularity. This provides new sufficient semantic and axiomatic conditions for local tabularity of a modal logic. The main results are the following.

We show that local tabularity does not depend on reflexivity. Namely, given a class $\mathcal {F}$ of frames, consider the class $\mathcal {F}^{\mathrm {r}}$ of frames, where the reflexive closure operation was applied to each relation in every frame in $\mathcal {F}$. We show that if the logic of $\mathcal {F}^{\mathrm {r}}$ is locally tabular, then the logic of $\mathcal {F}$ is locally tabular as well.

Then we consider the operation of sum on Kripke frames, where a family of frames-summands is indexed by elements of another frame. We show that if both the logic of indices and the logic of summands are locally tabular, then the logic of corresponding sums is also locally tabular.

Finally, using the previous theorem, we describe an operation on logics that preserves local tabularity: we provide a set of formulas such that the extension of the fusion of two canonical locally tabular logics with these formulas is locally tabular.

This article examines how, why, and with what limitations judges have adopted a gendered perspective (perspectiva de género) in Chile. It addresses why the Supreme Court’s Secretariat of Gender and Nondiscrimination advocates for a particular understanding of the concept, how judges understand and apply it, and the barriers they perceive to its implementation. Drawing on interviews, ethnographic fieldwork, and analysis of court rulings, the study identifies four ways in which judges understand a “gendered perspective”: as a method to detect stereotypes, a tool to analyze context, an instrument to reach a fair result, and a rejection of the notion of loosening evidentiary standards. The article argues that in contemporary Chile, different legal cultures shape disparate understandings about a gendered perspective. There is significant contestation between understandings endorsed by the dominant textualist legal culture and those favored by the emerging interpretive legal culture. By illuminating the limitations Chilean judges face in this evolving area of the law, the study contributes insights of relevance for our understanding of the factors that affect gender and judging in Latin America and beyond.

Despite the continuous reporting of radiometric chronology of lithic assemblages in the Korean peninsula, systematic evaluation of reliable radiocarbon (14C) dates and discussion on the lithic technological variability have not been adequately presented. This paper attempts to address the issue reviewing the available data on the Early Upper Paleolithic (EUP) of Korea, with a focus on 14C chronology and lithic technology. Also, these recent advances in Paleolithic studies in Korea provide interesting aspects of the transition to Upper Paleolithic (UP) technology in East Asia. The transition to the UP is characterized by two key developments: the emergence of blade technology and tanged points, and the use of quality raw material that had been previously disregarded. Reliable 14C dates published recently indicate that this transition began around 43,000–40,000 cal BP. We propose that the emergence of the UP tradition on the Korean peninsula can be explained by focusing on the mobility, regional exchange networks and population dynamics of hunter-gatherers rather than the continuing resort to the simple unidirectional dispersal.

Who should decide what passes for disinformation in a liberal democracy? During the COVID-19 pandemic, a committee set up by the Dutch Ministry of Health was actively blocking disinformation. The committee comprised civil servants, communication experts, public health experts, and representatives of commercial online platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn. To a large extent, vaccine hesitancy was attributed to disinformation, defined as misinformation (or data misinterpreted) with harmful intent. In this study, the question is answered by reflecting on what is needed for us to honor public reason: reasonableness, the willingness to engage in public discourse properly, and trust in the institutions of liberal democracy.

The timing of corrective feedback (CF), alternatively called feedback timing, refers to the choice of a timepoint for providing corrections on second language (L2) errors or making comments on the appropriacy of L2 learners' verbal or nonverbal behaviors. A typical distinction related to the notion of feedback timing is between immediate and delayed feedback, but what constitutes immediate or delayed has been interpreted and defined in different ways. In one stream of research, immediate feedback is operationalized as feedback provided during a learning task and delayed feedback as feedback provided after a task is completed (Arroyo & Yilmaz, 2018*; Li Zhu & Ellis, 2016a*; Quinn, 2014*). One methodological variation in this distinction is interim feedback, which is provided after the first task is completed and before the second task is started (Li, Li, & Qian, under review). Interim feedback is relevant or possible when multiple tasks are performed. It refers to feedback provided during the interval(s) between tasks. Interim feedback is different from delayed feedback in that the latter refers to feedback provided after the task (if there is only one task) or all tasks (if there are multiple tasks) are completed and there is no further task performance following the feedback session. This way of conceptualizing feedback timing is based on the positioning of feedback during a task cycle, instead of the proximity to errors. Another way to examine feedback timing is to distinguish feedback provided immediately after an error is made and feedback delayed until a later time in the instructional cycle, such as one week later (Lavolette, Polio, & Kahng, 2015*). In this case, both immediate and delayed feedback can occur either during or after the completion of a learning task. A third way is to define feedback timing options in terms of their relation to instruction, namely whether feedback is provided immediately after explicit instruction or at a later stage after learners complete some practice activities (Fu & Li, 2022*). It should be clarified that this way of operationalizing feedback timing is markedly different from that in other studies in that it focuses on feedback's relation to instruction instead of errors. To conclude this section, it is necessary to point out that the conceptualization and operationalization of feedback timing should be reconsidered in L2 research. Feedback timing is not merely a matter of the length of interval or the distance between errors and feedback, and other parameters of the instructional system where errors occur are also involved or relevant, such as the distance between feedback and instruction, the positioning of feedback in a task cycle (such as within, after, or between tasks), and so on. These parameters are important because they contribute to the effectiveness of different timing options. Despite the variation in the operationalization of feedback timing, we argue that it is a unified construct that is theoretically justifiable, empirically examinable, and pedagogically valuable.

In English testamentary history, there is a clear divide between Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman testamentary practice, with the primary difference being that in the latter case, heritable land could not be bequeathed. Once the transfer of land required the livery of seisin, a practice introduced during the reign of Henry II (1154–89), it was not possible for a gift of land to take effect upon the death of the owner, and the royal courts did not consider the intention to dispose of a tenement, as expressed in a will, sufficient in itself to complete the transfer. Nonetheless, an examination of extant wills from the period 1180–1300 demonstrates that some testators (or indeed beneficiaries) may have thought that bequests of land were possible or even enforceable. How do these wills fit into the legal framework of the time? If a bequest could not be enforced in the royal courts, what reasons might someone have for attempting to make one, and how might they try to ensure that the bequest held?

In this study, a single specimen of Pacific black scabbardfish Aphanopus arigato Parin, 1994 was collected at a depth of ~500 m near Dongsha Island in southwestern Taiwan (18°49′ to 20°45′N and 112°46′ to 116°15′E), on 14 March 2023. This is the southernmost record of A. arigato, with a significantly wide range extension from northern Japan, and southern Kuril Islands to the South China Sea. We also provide comparisons of the morphological measurements, first description of sagittae otoliths, and a partial sequence of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene for the specimen studied in this study.