We introduce adaptive particle refinement for compressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH). SPH calculations have the natural advantage that resolution follows mass, but this is not always optimal. Our implementation allows the user to specify local regions of the simulation that can be more highly resolved. We test our implementation on practical applications including a circumbinary disc, a planet embedded in a disc, and a flyby. By comparing with equivalent globally high-resolution calculations, we show that our method is accurate and fast, with errors in the mass accreted onto sinks of less than 9% and speed ups of 1.07–6.62$\times$ for the examples shown. Our method is adaptable and easily extendable, for example, with multiple refinement regions or derefinement.

This paper continues the program connecting reverse mathematics and computable analysis via the framework of Weihrauch reducibility. In particular, we consider problems related to perfect subsets of Polish spaces, studying the perfect set theorem, the Cantor–Bendixson theorem, and various problems arising from them. In the framework of reverse mathematics, these theorems are equivalent, respectively, to $\mathsf {ATR}_0$ and $\boldsymbol {\Pi }^1_1{-}\mathsf{CA}_0$, the two strongest subsystems of second order arithmetic among the so-called big five. As far as we know, this is the first systematic study of problems at the level of $\boldsymbol {\Pi }^1_1{-}\mathsf{CA}_0$ in the Weihrauch lattice. We show that the strength of some of the problems we study depends on the topological properties of the Polish space under consideration, while others have the same strength once the space is rich enough.

Increasing food intake or eating unhealthily after exercise may undermine attempts to manage weight, thereby contributing to poor population-level health. This scoping review aimed to synthesise the evidence on the psychology of changes to eating after exercise and explore why changes to eating after exercise occur. A scoping review of peer-reviewed literature was conducted in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute guidance. Search terms relating to exercise, eating behaviour, and compensatory eating were used. All study designs were included. Research in children, athletes, or animals was excluded. No country or date restrictions were applied. Twenty-three studies were identified. Ten experimental studies (nine acute, one chronic) manipulated the psychological experience of exercise, one intervention study directly targeted compensatory eating, seven studies used observational methods (e.g. diet diaries, 24-h recall) to directly measure compensatory eating after exercise, and five questionnaire studies measured beliefs about eating after exercise. Outcomes varied and included energy intake (kcal/kJ), portion size, food intake, food choice, food preference, dietary lapse, and self-reported compensatory eating. We found that increased consumption of energy-dense foods occurred after exercise when exercise was perceived as less enjoyable, less autonomous, or hard work. Personal beliefs, exercise motivation, and exercise enjoyment were key psychological determinants of changes to eating after exercise. Individuals may consume additional food to refuel their energy stores after exercise (psychological compensatory eating), or consume unhealthy or energy dense foods to reward themselves after exercise, especially if exercise is experienced negatively (post-exercise licensing), however the population-level prevalence of these behaviours is unknown.

On 7 March 1966, when President Charles de Gaulle announced France's withdrawal from the military, leadership of NATO, he also called for the removal of American troops from French soil. To this the American Secretary of State retorted, ‘and those in French cemeteries as well?’ The United States saw de Gaulle's action as an insulting and traitorous rebuff of Allied commitments forged during and after the war. For the French, however, the move was considered a justifiable assertion of national sovereignty, having little to do with the Allied ‘Liberation’ of France some twenty years earlier. In this article, I explore French and American perceptions of the Liberation using French anthropologist Marcel Mauss's pathbreaking 1923 work, The Gift. How can applying Mauss's ideas at the transnational level make sense of the meanings, (mis)interpretations, and implications of the Liberation for state actors on both sides of the Atlantic?

This paper analyzes the initial value problem for the Toda lattice with almost periodic initial data: let $J(t; J_{0})$ denote the family of Jacobi matrices which are solutions of the Toda flow equation with initial condition $J(0; J_{0})=J_{0},$ then, the given almost periodic datum $J_{0}$ is a discrete linear Schrödinger operator with almost periodic potential, which plays a fundamental role in our considerations. We show that, under some given hypotheses, the spectrum of the Schrödinger operator is pure absolute continuous and homogeneous (measure-theoretically) by establishing exponential asymptotics on the size of spectral gaps. These two conclusions enable us to show the boundedness and almost periodicity in the time of solutions for Toda lattice equation with almost periodic initial data. As a consequence, our result presents a positive answer to the discrete Deift’s conjecture [Some open problems in random matrix theory and the theory of integrable systems. Integrable Systems and Random Matrices (Contemporary Mathematics, 458). American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 2008, pp. 419–430; Some open problems in random matrix theory and the theory of integrable systems. II. SIGMA Symmetry Integrability Geom. Methods Appl. 13 (2017), Paper no. 016].

In the Origins of Kant’s Aesthetics, Robert Clewis characterises Kant’s early views of aesthetic normativity in terms of a synthesis of a rationalist appeal to laws of sensibility and an empiricist appeal to rules of taste that are arrived at through consensus about great works of art. On the consensus approach, sharing the experience of beauty with others is itself a source of pleasure and normativity. For Clewis, the mature Kant no longer ties aesthetic normativity to sociality, but instead grounds it in the a priori principle of judgement. In these comments, I challenge Clewis’ narrative about Kant’s development and argue that the mature Kant continues to connect aesthetic normativity to the sociality of taste.

This article explores the puzzling ups and downs of Tesla, going through one the most volatile stock market swings of the recent past, under conditions of financialised capitalism. We adopt a conjunctural approach, highlighting both the macro and micro dynamics shaping the firm’s financial market trajectory. Among these, meticulously maintained narratives, boosted by social media, attracted dedicated followers, while the rise of new retail trading platforms and excitement around Tesla’s index inclusion helped in producing its stock ‘mementum’. This volatility was further supported by an exceptionally large volume of financial derivatives trading, paralleling a public battle between short sellers and the company’s defenders. The resulting stock market boom enabled Tesla to stabilise its finances, whilst its ‘mercurial’ CEO Elon Musk negotiated the largest executive compensation package in US corporate history, turning him into the world’s richest individual. In conclusion, we argue that Tesla serves as an emblematic case of an increasingly tech-driven financialised capitalism, which scholars could use as a window to study future conjunctures.

I do not understand how, by whatever words that proposition is dressed up, it means anything else except that section 117 does not apply if the Court does not want it to.

Seeds are crucial for plant reproduction, dispersal and agriculture. Seed quality and vigour greatly impact crop production by enabling rapid and uniform germination under various environmental conditions. This leads to healthy seedlings that can withstand both biotic and abiotic stresses, which are particularly important in the context of the accentuation of global climate change. Upon imbibition during germination sensu stricto, seeds release exudates, complex mixtures of organic and inorganic molecules, into the microenvironment surrounding them, known as the spermosphere. These exudates play a pivotal role in seedling development and overall plant fitness by influencing microbial selection, growth and interactions in the spermosphere, ultimately shaping the plant's microbiome. Proteins such as enzymes with protection properties have previously been demonstrated to be released by the seeds in their exudates. However, limited information is available pertaining to peptides in seed exudates. Here, we developed an experimental protocol to extract and identify peptides in the spermosphere of germinating common bean seeds. We showed that our methodology was successful in identifying a broad spectrum of peptides and that extraction solvent choice impacts peptide identification both qualitatively and quantitatively. We also show the possibility of using online prediction tools to predict the properties of identified peptides based on their amino acid sequence. We propose that this approach may be used to identify potential molecules that could be used as candidates for developing strategies to enhance seed quality and improve crop productivity.