Well-founded coalgebras generalize well-foundedness for graphs, and they capture the induction principle for well-founded orders on an abstract level. Taylor’s General Recursion Theorem shows that, under hypotheses, every well-founded coalgebra is parametrically recursive. We give a new proof of this result, and we show that it holds for all set functors, and for all endofunctors preserving monomorphisms on a complete and well-powered category with smooth monomorphisms. The converse of the theorem holds for set functors preserving inverse images. We provide an iterative construction of the well-founded part of a given coalgebra: It is carried by the least fixed point of Jacobs’ next-time operator.

This chapter presents a number of sufficient conditions to guarantee that an endofunctor has an initial algebra or a terminal coalgebra. We generalize Kawahara and Mori’s notion of a bounded set functor and prove that for a cocomplete and co-well-powered category with a terminal object, every endofunctor bounded by a generating set has a terminal coalgebra. We use this to show that every accessible endofunctor on a locally presentable category has an initial algebra and a terminal coalgebra. We introduce pre-accessible functors and prove that on a cocomplete and co-well-powered category, the initial-algebra chain of a pre-accessible functor converges, and so the initial algebra exists. If the base category is locally presentable and the functor preserves monomorphisms, then the terminal coalgebra exists.

Hereditary cerebellar ataxia (HA) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by the presence of slowly progressive gait ataxia, dysarthria and other cerebellar signs. Detailed clinical history and neurologic as well as systemic examination are key to accurate diagnosis and hierarchical diagnostic investigations. The initial diagnostic evaluation of patients with HA should include a detailed assessment to rule out acquired treatable etiologies. If such a detailed screening is inconclusive, investigations should be directed towards hereditary causes of cerebellar ataxias. Early diagnosis and treatment can lead to favorable outcomes. Disease-specific therapies have emerged for various cerebellar ataxia syndromes including hereditary ones. Despite these advances, management of the majority of HA remains symptomatic. Moreover, there are no US FDA-approved medications for HAs to date. However, there are a few progressive HA conditions that can improve with disease-specific treatment, particularly if initiated early in the disease course. Here, we discuss various hereditary cerebellar ataxia syndromes that are amenable to disease-specific/targeted treatment.

After their rescue from Egyptian slavery, the people of God journey for forty years in the desert, learning the hard lessons of relying on God amidst scarcity, with a place of worship at the center of the community.

Up to this point our concern has been how the ancient historian justifies himself before his audience and attempts to portray himself as the proper person for the writing of history, that is, with his role as narrator rerum. The present chapter examines how he approaches his task when a participant in the deeds he records, and how he reconciles the dual role of actor and auctor rerum. For many historians of the ancient world had the opportunity to be both participant and rememberer. The historian’s formal method of presenting himself has received comparatively little attention, yet it is of interest not only because it tells us something of the way that men who wrote history in the ancient world approached the writing of their own deeds, but also what their concerns were in doing so. It is usually assumed that in order to give authority to his account, an historian who narrated his own deeds used the third person and maintained a show of formal impartiality. But a study of the surviving (and partially surviving) historians reveals a variety of approaches and methods, changing with time, the specific type of history written, and the individual intention of the historian himself.

Tremor is clinically defined by an involuntary rhythmic oscillatory movement of a body part. The most recent 2-axis classification scheme describes a clinical tremor syndrome in axis 1, mainly relying on tremor characteristics (body distribution, activation condition, tremor frequency, regularity, amplitude) and associated signs (isolated versus combined tremor syndromes). Based on further diagnostic tests (blood analysis, imaging, neurophysiology, genetic testing) the etiology is then described in axis 2, which may be acquired, genetic or idiopathic. The most common axis 1 isolated tremor syndromes are essential tremor and enhanced physiologic tremor, characterized by bilateral action tremor of the arms. Combined tremor syndromes relate to the accompanying neurologic sign or are described phenomenologically. These tremor syndromes relate to hyperoscillatory states of distinct networks, with the so-called cerebellar network playing a central role. Depending on the degree of disturbance as well as the additional involvement of other networks, specific tremor phenotypes emerge.

Baptista and Sedlacek’s chapter takes Bickerton’s view that admixture is one of the chief characteristics of Creole languages (Bickerton 2008) as a starting point. The objective of their chapter is to bring to light the tight connections between the congruent forms observed across Creole languages (Faraclas et al. 2014; Faraclas 2012; Baptista 2006, 2009, 2020) which have been argued to result from speakers’ perception of similarities between the languages in contact and Weinreich’s notion of interlingual identification. A close review of interlingual identification (as it was laid out in Weinreich 1953) and how the concept has been applied and experimentally tested in situations of both bilingualism (Flege 1991) and multilingualism (Kresić and Gulan 2012) attest to how speakers use their native language as the mold through which they shape differently their interpretation of the same linguistic element in another language. As a result, the chapter argues that interlingual identification is ground zero for language mixing and language change.

The introduction chapter critically reviews the existing literature and introduces a theory of mediated threat, which explains how perceived threats to civic freedoms and institutional autonomy can motivate the masses and reshape the relational structure of the democratic opposition. Our basic proposition is that threats do not instantaneously provoke protests; rather, they require perception and socialization among citizens to potentially trigger mobilization. Different groups of citizens may perceive the same threat in disparate ways, leading not only to varied mobilizational responses but also the formation of new organizations and groups. This alters the relational dynamics of the opposition through which new threats are assessed.

This paper considers the goals of regulators in different countries working on regulating online platforms and how those varied motivations influence the potential for international coordination and cooperation on platform governance. different policy debates and goals surrounding online platform responsibility. The analysis identifies different policy goals related to three different types of obligations that regulators may impose on online platforms: responsibilities to target particular categories of unwanted content, responsibilities for platforms that wield particularly significant influence, and responsibilities to be transparent about platform decision-making. Reviewing the proposals that have emerged in each of these categories across different countries, the paper examines which of these three policy goals present the greatest opportunities for international coordination and agreement and which of them actually require such coordination in order to be effectively implemented. Finally, it considers what lessons can be drawn from existing policy efforts for how to foster greater coordination around areas of common interest related to online platforms.

Intrusion, the second main type of interaction, has comparatively few distinct varieties. The chief reason for this would seem to be that for once considerations of word order or structuring hardly arise. Another contributory factor is that in general the distinctions between the different forms of imagery have little practical relevance here. In particular, the distinction between implicit imagery (i.e. metaphor) and explicit (e.g. simile) is not of much consequence in most cases – with one exception. The exceptional case has already been treated, albeit briefly. In its most rudimentary form, intrusion is confined to comparison and short simile, where a predictable ’N as V’ (or ’more N than V’) is replaced by ’T as V’ (’more T than V’).

Sleep-related movement disorders and disturbances of motor control cover a broad range of conditions with a negative impact on an individual’s quality of sleep and daily functioning: (1) sleep-related movement disorders (e.g., periodic limb movements in sleep, restless limbs/legs syndrome, sleep-related leg cramps, sleep-related bruxism, sleep-related rhythmic movement disorder); (2) sleep-related disturbances of motor control, including (2a) parasomnias, such as RBD, sleepwalking, sleep-related eating disorder, sleep terror, sleep paralysis, (2b) sleep-related epileptic syndromes, such as nocturnal epilepsy with simple motor manifestations, nocturnal epilepsy with complex motor manifestations (sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy), and (2c) sleep-related dissociative disorders/psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. This chapter is designed to be a resource for clinicians, sleep specialists, and researchers, offering a comprehensive overview on the distinct features and characteristics; epidemiologic aspects; underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms; diagnostic criteria; and available treatment/management options of sleep-related movement disorders and sleep-related disturbances of motor control.

Chapter 4 develops readings of Collins, Berdoe, and Hadwen’s novels, and introduces two others: Ouida’s Toxin: A Sketch (1895) and H. G. Wells’s scientific novella The Invisible Man (1897). The preoccupation with legibility extends beyond the textual in literatures of vivisection; by figuratively re-casting bodies as text and by encouraging readers to assume a keen but sympathetic gaze concerned with legible surfaces, these works forward ways of looking allied with alternative sciences such as physiognomy, anthroposcopy, and psychology. Ultimately, however, fictional vivisectors remain simultaneously transparent and opaque. Their powerfully returned gaze is marked by a paradoxical combination of clinical detachment and zealous absorption in the experimental subject in whom they inscribe their own meanings. The greatest threat posed by fictional vivisectors, the chapter argues, is not only that they themselves are unreadable, but that they might make others so too.

Quantifying and assessing the computational accuracy of coarse-graining simulations of turbulence is challenging and imperative to achieve prediction – computations and results with a quantified and adequate degree of uncertainty that can be confidently used in projects without reference data. Verification, validation, and uncertainty quantification (VVUQ) provide the tools and metrics to accomplish such an objective. This chapter reviews these methods and illustrates their importance to coarse-graining models. Toward this end, we first describe the sources of computational errors and uncertainties in coarse-graining simulations of turbulence, followed by the concepts of VVUQ. Next, we utilize the modified equation analysis and the physical interpretation of a complex problem to demonstrate the role of VVUQ in evaluating and enhancing the fidelity and confidence in numerical simulations. This is crucial to achieving predictive rather than postdictive simulations.

Paroxysmal movement disorders are a heterogeneous group of syndromes that produce recurrent attacks of involuntary movements without loss of consciousness as their common feature. In this chapter a very short historical overview is given before discussing the current classification and diagnostic criteria of the three main types of paroxysmal movement disorders: paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesia and paroxysmal exercise–induced dyskinesia. During the past two decades, a rapidly growing number of genes that cause paroxysmal movement disorders have been reported. This also challenges the current classification because many genetic forms of paroxysmal dyskinesia can be caused by mutations of the same gene. Nevertheless, a first clinical description and classification appears to be reasonable and important. The chapter also describes the episodic ataxias, along with their genetic background, as well as the non-genetic causes of paroxysmal movement disorders, which include vascular, structural, infectious, inflammatory and metabolic causes. The last part of the chapter deals with a proposed approach to a patient with paroxysmal dyskinesia in daily practice.

The second chapter accounts for the steady ruination of Rome despite attempts at maintenance of the built environment in late antiquity. Fire, earthquake and flood were the chief agents of destruction. Repairs were always needed but became increasingly rare thanks to depopulation and diminishing public revenue. The shift of secular power to Constantinople and the gradual decay of paganism in the face of buoyant Christianity did the public buildings of Rome, especially the temples and places of entertainment, no favours. Stone from such structures began to be recycled for repairs or for the adornment of new buildings, such as churches. Depopulation emptied large sectors of the city within the Aurelian walls, and the abandoned sites were turned into farms and vineyards.

Tremor, which is defined as an oscillatory and rhythmic movement of a body part, is the most common movement disorder worldwide. The most frequent tremor syndromes are tremor in Parkinson’s disease, essential tremor, and dystonic tremor syndromes, whereas Holmes tremor, orthostatic tremor, and palatal tremor are less common in clinical practice. The pathophysiology of tremor consists of enhanced oscillatory activity in brain circuits, which are ofen modulated by tremor-related afferent signals from the periphery. The cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuit and the basal ganglia play a key role in most neurologic tremor disorders, but with different roles in each disorder. Here we review the pathophysiology of tremor, focusing both on neuronal mechanisms that promote oscillations (automaticity and synchrony) and circuit-level mechanisms that drive and maintain pathologic oscillations.