Chorea is a state of excessive, spontaneous movements, irregularly timed, non-repetitive, randomly distributed, and abrupt in character. The severity of movements may vary from restlessness with mild intermittent exaggeration of gesture and expression, fidgeting movements of the hands, and dance-like gait to a continuous flow of disabling violent movements. The pathogenesis of chorea is mainly related to striatal dysfunction. The classification of the causes of choreatic dyskinesias is complex and involves many clinical entities, both hereditary and acquired. The severity of chorea can be reduced by antipsychotics, tetrabenazine or benzodiazepines.

Critical stances towards English Medium Instruction (EMI), and to a lesser extent the similar use of French, Portuguese and Spanish Medium Instruction in former colonies of European states, have been growing since ‘independence’ in the 1960s. This discussion contextualises ‘Southern’ critiques of EMI within early decolonial debates, ‘southern multilingualisms’ and ‘transknowledging’ (reciprocal translation and exchange of knowledge), which are often invisibilised in EMI. This is illustrated through critiques in two former British territories: the first, with critiques that circulated in Southern Africa from the 1960s; the second, with critiques that surfaced four decades later in Australia. Whereas EMI is readily recognised in South Africa (with 8 per cent L1 English speakers), Australia (with 250 Aboriginal linguistic communities at colonisation and 250 years of in-migration from all continents) is an EMI context for 23–30 per cent of citizens. Aggressive marketing of Australia as an educational destination for students from the Asia-Pacific amplifies its multilingual and EMI reality in higher education. The critique of EMI includes a history of cognitive capture, debt-trap diplomacy and educational failure. Included are key agents that advance EMI, invisibilise multilingualisms and perpetuate coloniality despite the claims of social justice and access that accompany EMI rationales.

Lewy body disease is a common cause of neurodegenerative dementia. The clinical syndrome of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) has specific diagnostic, care and management needs, is underrecognized in clinical practice, and often mistaken for Alzheimer’s disease. It may only be identified at autopsy. It typically has a worse prognosis after diagnosis than Alzheimer’s disease. Early, accurate identification is important; improving this at clinical and prodromal stages may assist effective management and reduce patient and caregiver burden. The characteristic clinical features must be recognized: parkinsonism, RBD, fluctuating attention and cognition, complex visual hallucinations. In clinically equivocal cases, diagnosis may be supported by biomarkers specific to Lewy body disease: dopaminergic imaging, cardiac sympathetic imaging, polysomnography. A pattern of cognitive impairment not typical of Alzheimer’s disease may also be seen, with implications for cognitive symptom screening. Screening may be aided by seeking other symptoms of Lewy body disease (hypolfaction, autonomic symptoms, hallucinations other than visual), and other neuropsychiatric symptoms (delusions and mood changes).

Cultural confidence, moral superiority, and metropolitan elitism: these characteristics of the 1870s are exemplified by Harley Granville-Barker’s edited collection of essays, The Eighteen-Seventies (1929), which offers a nostalgic, aristocratic, Oxbridge, and high-culture account of this decade. But this present collection, in the spirit of the series to which it belongs, frames the 1870s as a decade in transition, and seeks to unsettle its conventional associations while acknowledging their force and legacy. Indeed, writers of the 1870s were especially adept at questioning their current temporal moment, often betraying an overdetermined sense of their place in time, and even of temporality itself.

Public spaces, as places of consumption, are windows onto unequal economic structures. In this chapter, I discuss different aspects of real and perceived inequalities in Tehran. I demonstrate that massive structural changes, such as the expansion of infrastructure and public transportation, have facilitated access to different parts of Tehran and a more equal experience of the city, yet different forms of inequality persist and are reproduced. Many public spaces offer a variety of opportunities for using space, ranging from walking in a public park to eating in high-end restaurants, all in very close proximity. Depending on what can be consumed and where it happens, public spaces bring inequalities to the fore as different groups often segregate within the same public space, following patterns that usually correlate with their ability to pay for products and services. Thus, in Tehran, as much as urban development may appear to work as an equalizer – bringing different socioeconomic groups together in newly shared public spaces – it highlights economic and social inequalities and makes disparities even more visible.

The European financial markets have been placed on the path to a sustainable and green transition. The European Commission embraced with the EU Green Deal a new growth strategy built on a sustainable economic model that aims at making the EU the first carbon neutral continent by 2050. This generational economic and industrial transition set by the EU Green Deal will require at least 1 trillion euro in public and private sustainable investments. This chapter analyzes how derivatives markets can contribute to support the green transition, enable private markets to raise capital towards sustainable goals, and help market participants to manage the market and transition risk to a sustainable economy. “Green derivatives” like ESG- linked swaps, emission allowance futures, extreme weather events derivatives, are examples of financial innovation is dealing with climate-related risk. This chapter focuses on the EU Strategy for Financing the Transition to a Sustainable Economy in the EU and offers a looks at what the Commodities Futures Trading Commission is doing in the US on climate-related risk and derivatives markets. The chapter offers some early critical considerations on the private-public synergies and opportunities that might result from the growth and expansion of sustainable derivatives markets and the possible risks that policymakers should consider in the evolution process of such markets.

Behavior is considered the response to internal and external stimuli. Both the basal ganglia as well as the cerebellum process internal (homeostatic) and external (environmental) cortical information in order to orchestrate adequately adapted behavior and send this processed information via the thalamus back to the cortex for final execution through motor neurons and neuromuscular structures. The basal ganglia arrange for the appropriate selection of behavioral fragments (response selection) out of the available pool of learned standard behaviors, and define their magnitude, while the cerebellum together with the sensory, visual, and vestibular organs deal with their coordination, that is, the exact timing of muscle actions so that the body can move smoothly. The final execution of these movements is enabled by upper/lower motor neurons and neuromuscular structures.

Technology (especially the high energy-consuming blockchain) is not often associated with environmental goals but the elements of peer-to-peer networks, sharing economy and ‘direct’ finance in the Fintech world present coherence and continuity with the ESG world. Furthermore, the potential of Fintech in reducing costs, connecting people on a global scale, improving financial inclusion, diversification and resilience offer great opportunities also in the area of sustainable finance, advancing societal factors. Nonetheless, relevant risks and limitations must be considered, too. This chapter will first introduce the emerging area of sustainable digital finance, with particular regard to environmental objectives. Second, it will focus on ‘green Fintech’ facilitating capital raising. In particular, the chapter will analyse the main legal and technical challenges related to green financing, with special regard to green crowdfunding, green tokens offerings and other Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT)-based opportunities, also considering recent EU regulatory initiatives, also advancing some policy proposals.