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3352863 results

Page 204 of 167644

Exhibitionist Japan
  • The Spectacle of Modern Development
  • Angus Lockyer
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
    Print publication:
    13 February 2025
  • From the second half of the nineteenth century, Japan has been a particularly enthusiastic user of exhibitions. Large-scale international exhibitions, including Osaka 2025, form only the tip of an iceberg comprising over 1,300 industrial, regional, and local exhibitions held in Japan over the past 150 years. In this unique history, Angus Lockyer explores how and why these events have been used as catalysts of development and arenas for fostering modern industry, empire, and nation. He traces their complicated genesis, realization, and reception, demonstrating that although they rarely achieve their stated aims, this does not undermine their utility – Japanese expos have provided a model subsequently adopted around the world. The history of this enthusiasm provides a more nuanced understanding of development in modern Japan, and emphasizes the shared experiences of global modernity.

An Introduction to Continuum Physics
  • Steven R. Pride
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
    Print publication:
    13 February 2025
  • Adopting a unified mathematical framework, this textbook gives a comprehensive derivation of the rules of continuum physics, describing how the macroscopic response of matter emerges from the underlying discrete molecular dynamics. Covered topics include elasticity and elastodynamics, electromagnetics, fluid dynamics, diffusive transport in fluids, capillary physics and thermodynamics. By also presenting mathematical methods for solving boundary-value problems across this breadth of topics, readers develop understanding and intuition that can be applied to many important real-world problems within the physical sciences and engineering. A wide range of guided exercises are included, with accompanying answers, allowing readers to develop confidence in using the tools they have learned. This book requires an understanding of linear algebra and vector calculus and will be a valuable resource for undergraduate and graduate students in physics, chemistry, engineering and geoscience.

A ‘Constitution for the Oceans'
  • The Long Hard Road to the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
  • Kirsten Sellars
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
    Print publication:
    13 February 2025
  • The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, signed in 1982, was the culmination of half a century of legal endeavour. Earlier attempts to create a treaty regime governing the ocean — at League of Nations and United Nations conferences in 1930, 1958 and 1960 — had all failed to settle the breadth of the territorial sea, and in two cases failed to settle anything at all. During the negotiations, legal concepts were formulated and reformulated: straight baselines inspired archipelagic baselines; fishing conservation zones became exclusive economic zones; innocent passage through straits metamorphosed into transit passage through straits; and the seabed common heritage was replaced by the parallel system of seabed exploitation. Many of the issues that animated the delegates during the negotiations — ocean pollution, over-fishing, naval mobility, continental shelf claims and the impact of seabed mining — continue to exercise policymakers and lawyers to this day.
Transnational Korean Englishes

Transnational Korean Englishes
  • Sofia Rüdiger, Alex Baratta
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
    Print publication:
    06 February 2025
    • Element
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  • Transnational Korean Englishes presents the many faces of English in South Korea (henceforth also Korea) – from Korean English forms and functions to English loanwords in Korean, and from the influences of Korean on the English language to Korean cultural exports. Drawing on specialized and purpose-built spoken and written corpora and other empirical data as well as previous studies, the Element illuminates the Korean-English language contact setting from a range of perspectives, shining light on various transnational Korean English phenomena. Guided by questions of legitimization and codification, this Element shows Koreans as productive and creative users of localized English forms, with hallyu (the Korean Wave) promoting not only Korean pop cultural products around the world but also contributing to influences of Korean on English worldwide.
Shocks and Politics

Shocks and Politics
  • Understanding Disaster Preparedness
  • Jennifer Bussell
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
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    06 February 2025
    • Element
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  • When will government elites prepare for natural hazards? Existing research posits that governments will respond to disasters, but rarely have incentives to prepare for them. This Element argues that disaster preparedness can, and does, occur in the context of both motivated ruling elites and a capable state. Ruling elites can be mobilized to lead preparedness efforts when there is a risk that past exposure to hazards will lead to political instability in the face of a future hazard. Where elites anticipate a threat to their rule in the face of a future hazard, due to substantial past exposure and significant opposition strength, they will be motivated to engage in disaster preparedness. The quality and character of these efforts subsequently depend on the government's capacity to coordinate the design and implementation of preparedness plans. The Element tests this argument using a medium-N, country case study approach, drawing on evidence from ten countries in Africa and three in South Asia, as well as subnational analysis in India.

An Economic History of India
  • Growth, Income and Inequalities from the Mughals to the 21st Century
  • Bishnupriya Gupta
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
    Print publication:
    13 February 2025
  • This book offers a major new economic history of India from the reign of Akbar in the sixteenth century to India's post-independence integration into the global economy. Using concepts and theories from economics and economic history alongside extensive new data, Bishnupriya Gupta builds a new framework for understanding the economic impacts and legacies of British rule. She charts India's transition from precolonial economy to colonial rule and evaluates its economic performance from a comparative perspective, particularly in the context of the Great Divergence between Europe and Asia. Finally, she examines India's post-independence economy and the evolution of social and economic inequality through to the turn of the twenty-first century. By taking a long view, the book sheds new light on the persistent effects of historical institutions as well as the impacts of policy-driven changes. It will be essential reading for anyone seeking to understand the long-run evolution of the Indian economy.
The Problem of God in Thomas Reid

The Problem of God in Thomas Reid
  • James Foster
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
    Print publication:
    06 February 2025
    • Element
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  • Thomas Reid was a theist and a philosopher; yet the exact relationship between philosophy and theology in his works is unclear and disputed. The aim of this book is to clarify this relationship along three lines by exploring the status, function, and detachability of theism with respect to Reid's philosophy. Regarding the first I argue that belief in the existence of God is, for Reid, a non-inferential first principle. Regarding the second I argue that theism plays at least six different roles in Reid's philosophy. And, regarding the third, I argue that, despite this, theism is largely detachable from Reid's concept of human rationality and philosophy. What emerges is a picture of the relationship between philosophy and theology in which both inquiries are motivated by natural human curiosity, and both are founded on principles of common sense.
Dialectology and the Linguistic Atlas Project

Dialectology and the Linguistic Atlas Project
  • Allison Burkette
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
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    06 February 2025
    • Element
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  • People from different places use different words for things, even everyday things such as carbonated beverages (e.g. soda, coke, pop) or bread roll-based sandwiches (e.g. hoagie, grinder, sub). Regional variation in vocabulary is one of the foci of dialectology, a subfield of linguistics that examines the geographic distribution of specific words, along with distributions of different pronunciations and grammatical constructions. This Element will provide readers with a basic understanding of traditional dialectological study and will demonstrate through examples (audio, text, maps) how Linguistic Atlas Project research has changed and expanded over time. Readers will be introduced to the key concepts of dialectology with a focus on the North American Linguistic Atlas Project (LAP) and its materials. This Element will also discuss today's LAP with reference to third-wave sociolinguistics, outlining the ways in which the LAP has changed over time to meet the needs and goals of contemporary sociolinguistic study.
Retrospective and Prospective for Scientific Provenance Studies in Archaeology

Retrospective and Prospective for Scientific Provenance Studies in Archaeology
  • A. M. Pollard
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
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    06 February 2025
    • Element
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  • Provenance has been one of the major scientific applications in archaeology for a hundred years. The 'Golden Age' began in the 1950s, when large programmes were initiated focussing on bronzes, ceramics, and lithics. However, these had varying impact, ranging from wide acceptance to outright rejection. This Element reviews some of these programmes, mainly in Eurasia and North America, focussing on how the complexity of the material, and the effects of human behaviour, can impact on such studies. The conclusion is that provenance studies of lithic materials and obsidian are likely to be reliable, but those on ceramics and metals are increasingly complicated, especially in the light of mixing and recycling. An alternative is suggested, which focusses more on using scientific studies to understand the relationship between human selectivity and processing and the wider resources available, rather than on the simple question of 'where does this object come from'.
Social Group Representation in a Diachronic News Corpus

Social Group Representation in a Diachronic News Corpus
  • Irene Elmerot
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
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    06 February 2025
    • Element
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  • Equality is a global factor of prosperity in democratic societies. In this Element, thirty years of newspapers and magazines form the basis of an intersectional study on how different social actors are described in Czechia. A bird's eye perspective points to the news being very white male-oriented, but when scrutinising further, some results differ from previous studies, giving insights on linguistic othering and stratification that may be a threat to equality. The methodology can be used for most languages with a sufficient amount of digitised, annotated and available texts. Since more and more text is being gathered to form datasets large enough to answer any question we might have, this Element helps uncover why we should be careful about which conclusions to draw if the words put into the data are not adapted to the relevant register and context. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
The Metaphysics of Gender

The Metaphysics of Gender
  • E. Díaz León
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
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    06 February 2025
    • Element
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  • What is the metaphysics of gender about? Metaphysics is the study of what there is and what it is like. On this conception, questions in the metaphysics of gender would be about the existence and nature of gender. That is, the metaphysics of gender would be about whether alleged gender categories such as being a man, a woman or an agender person are real features or kinds, and if so, what their nature is. In recent years, the metaphysics of gender has received a lot of attention and has shifted from being a rather marginal part of metaphysics to being a growing area of interest. Moreover, growing attention to the metaphysics of gender and the social domain have given rise to fruitful methodological questions about what metaphysics is about and what are the best methods to pursue metaphysical inquiries. This Element offers a survey of recent discussions of these questions.

Cooperative Complexity
  • The Next Level of Global Economic Governance
  • Richard Clark
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
    Print publication:
    13 February 2025
  • Over the course of the twentieth century, states engaged in cooperation through international organizations at unprecedented levels. However, the twenty-first century has featured the emergence of next-level forms of cooperation: international organizations working together. This pattern is especially apparent among economic international organizations, which often pool resources and expertise to jointly implement programs in member state territories. Cooperative Complexity argues that such cooperation is politically efficient but not necessarily economically efficient; it helps geopolitically aligned organizations enforce their preferred policies but can drive inefficient economic outcomes. Combining a general theoretical model with quantitative, qualitative, and experimental research designs, this book disentangles the complex ties that connect international organizations. In doing so, it reveals how a deeper understanding of the supply side of international finance is critical for gaining insights about the form, effectiveness, and likely future of global economic governance.
Dignity and Rights

Dignity and Rights
  • Ariel Zylberman
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
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    06 February 2025
    • Element
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  • Dignity and rights are pervasive ideas. But how exactly should we understand them? Although philosophical theories of dignity and of rights typically proceed independently of each other, this Element treats them together. One advantage of doing so is that we can see a deeper unity underlying the familiar difficulties of standard accounts of dignity and rights (Sections 1 and 2). A second advantage is that understanding how many of the difficulties stem from the reductivist structure of the standard accounts lets us envisage a non-reductivist alternative. Drawing from the metaphysics of kinds and dispositions and from social ontology shows that dignity and rights are fundamental and interdependent normative properties. As pre-conventional properties (Section 3), dignity and rights mark a distinct type of value and function dispositionally, directed to actualization through recognition by others. As social properties (Section 4), they specify the normative status and entitlements constitutive of social kinds.
Risk Management in Translation

Risk Management in Translation
  • Anthony Pym
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
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    06 February 2025
    • Element
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  • Once fidelity and equivalence are abandoned, how can successful translation be understood? Risk management offers an alternative way of looking at the work of translators and their social function. It posits that the greater the cultural differences, the greater the risks of failed communication. What can be done to manage those risks? Drawing on the ways translators and interpreters handle intercultural encounters by adjusting what is said, this essay outlines a series of strategies that can be applied to all kinds of cross-cultural communication. Practical examples are drawn from a wide range of contexts, from Australian bushfires to court interpreting in Barcelona, with special regard for the new kinds of risks presented by machine translation and generative AI. The result is a critical view of the professionalization of translation, and a fresh account of democratized translation as a rich human activity in the service of cross-cultural cooperation.

Theoretical Foundations of Asset Pricing
  • Costis Skiadas
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
    Print publication:
    13 February 2025
  • This text provides an advanced introduction to the modeling of competitive financial markets, encompassing arbitrage and equilibrium pricing of financial contracts, as well as optimal lifetime consumption and portfolio choice. Notable features include its coverage of recursive utility in discrete and continuous time and several results not previously available in book form. Each chapter concludes with a set of exercises, with solutions available to verified instructors. Ideal as a graduate-level course text, this book can also serve as a valuable reference for researchers and finance industry practitioners. Readers with a finance focus can use the text to build analytical foundations for a significant component of the economics of financial markets, while readers with a mathematics focus will find a well-motivated introduction to basic tools of stochastic analysis and convex analysis.
Infrared Spectroscopy of Archaeological Sediments

Infrared Spectroscopy of Archaeological Sediments
  • Michael B. Toffolo
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
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    06 February 2025
    • Element
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  • Infrared spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between infrared radiation and matter. Its application to the characterization of archaeological sedimentary contexts has produced invaluable insights into the archaeological record and past human activities. This Element aims at providing a practical guide to infrared spectroscopy of archaeological sediments and their contents taken as a dynamic system, in which the different components observed today are the result of multiple formation processes that took place over long timescales. After laying out the history and fundamentals of the discipline, the author proposes a step-by-step methodological framework, both in the field and the laboratory, and guides the reader in the interpretation of infrared spectra of the main components of archaeological sediments with the aid of selected case studies. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Monotheism and Miracle

Monotheism and Miracle
  • Eric Eve
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
    Print publication:
    13 February 2025
    • Element
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  • Monotheism implies a God who is active in creation. An author writing a novel provides a better analogy for God's creative activity than an artificer constructing a mechanism. A miracle is then not an interruption of the ordinary course of nature so much as a divine decision to do something out of the ordinary, and miracle is primarily a narrative category. We perceive as miracles events that are extraordinary while also fitting our understanding of divine purpose. Many miracle accounts may remain problematic, however, since recognizing that a given story purports to narrate a miracle does not determine whether the miracle occurred. This Elementweighs competing narratives. In doing so the understanding of the normal workings of nature will carry considerable weight. Nevertheless, there can be instances where believers may, from their own faith perspective, be justified in concluding that a miracle has occurred.

  • 2 - Categorically Enriched Multicategories

  • from Part 1 - Background On Multicategories And K –Theory Functors
  • Niles Johnson, Ohio State University, Donald Yau, Ohio State University
  • Book:
    Homotopy Theory of Enriched Mackey Functors
    Published online:
    16 January 2025
    Print publication:
    06 February 2025, pp 17-52

  • Summary

    This chapter reviews the 2-category of small multicategories, including three important special cases. These are pointed multicategories, left M1-modules, and permutative categories with multilinear functors. These variants are related by various free, forgetful, and endomorphism functors that will be used throughout the rest of this work.

  • 15 - Construction Grammar and Gesture

  • from Part IV - Multimodality and Construction Grammar
  • Edited by Mirjam Fried, Univerzita Karlova, Kiki Nikiforidou, University of Athens, Greece
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Construction Grammar
    Published online:
    30 January 2025
    Print publication:
    06 February 2025, pp 384-404

  • Summary

    This chapter presents the current state of research in multimodal Construction Grammar with a focus on co-speech gestures. We trace the origins of the idea that constructions may have to be (re-)conceptualized as multimodal form–meaning pairs, deriving from the inherently multimodal nature of language use and the usage-based model, which attributes to language use a primordial role in language acquisition. The issue of whether constructions are actually multimodal is contested. We present two current positions in the field. The first one argues that a construction should only count as multimodal if gestures are mandatory parts of that construction. Other, more meaning-centered, approaches rely less on obligatoriness and frequency of gestural (co-)occurrences and either depart from a recurrent gesture to explore the verbal constructions it combines with or focus on a given meaning, for example, negation, and explore its multimodal conceptualization in discourse. The chapter concludes with a plea for more case studies and for the need to develop large-scale annotated corpora and apply statistical methods beyond measuring mere frequency of co-occurrence.

Page 204 of 167644