This chapter provides a practitioner’s point of view on diplomatic images. The author is positioned to give a unique perspective as a freelance photographer who is currently based in Singapore, which has recently become a significant city-state for major global diplomatic events. Through his first-hand experiences of covering high-profile international diplomatic events, such as the 2018 Trump-Kim Summit held in Singapore, the author takes us backstage and demonstrates how famous diplomatic images are produced to represent the affective register of the moment. In so doing, the chapter illuminates the situational context of the photographer in taking diplomatic images, offering insight into the editorial process in which diplomatic images are produced by the media.

This chapter uses the lens of feminine rhetorical style to examine how gendered expectations affect first ladies’ public speeches and how their rhetorical styles evolved over time. Selected speeches of first ladies from Eleanor Roosevelt to Melania Trump are analyzed and five recurring themes are reviewed. These include the discussion of feminine topics such as family and childcare and envisioning women’s role in society, addressing masculine issues such as war and politics through feminine rhetoric, connecting with audiences as peers, use of personal narratives, and use of expert sources and statistics. The chapter concludes that first ladies’ addresses are usually delivered within the bounds of stereotypical gendered expectations, though subtle deviations can be found depending on the first lady’s public image, her professional experience, and the popular opinion of the times. The analysis of first ladies’ rhetorical styles helps us better understand their evolving role in US politics.

This chapter reviews equivalences of homotopy theories between Multicat, the category of small multicategories and multifunctors, PermCat^st, the category of small permutative categories and strict monoidal functors, and PermCat^su, the category of small permutative categories and strictly unital symmetric monoidal functors. These equivalences are given by a free left adjoint to the endomorphism functor. This material provides an important foundation for that of Part 2.

This chapter extends the material of Chapter 3 to a pointed free construction from pointed multicategories to permutative categories. This is not a restriction, along the inclusion of pointed multicategories among all multicategories, but an extension, along the functor that adjoins a disjoint basepoint. Essential results, such as the adjunction with the endomorphism construction and compatibility with stable equivalences, are likewise extended from Chapter 3.

This chapter gives an overview of data-driven methods applied to turbulence closure modeling for coarse graining. A non-exhaustive introduction of the various data-driven approaches that have been used in the context of closure modeling is provided which includes a discussion of model consistency, which is the ultimate indicator of a successful model, and other key concepts. More details are then presented for two specific methods, one a neural-network representative of nontransparent black-box approaches and one specific type of evolutionary algorithm representative of transparent approaches yielding explicit mathematical expressions. The importance of satisfying physical constraints is emphasized and methods to choose the most relevant input features are suggested. Several recent applications of data-driven methods to subgrid closure modeling are discussed, both for nonreactive and reactive flow configurations. The chapter is concluded with current trends and an assessment of what can be realistically expected of data-driven methods for coarse graining.

True ruin-mindedness begins with the poet Petrarch, the subject along with his successors of the fourth chapter. He was the first person we know of who visited Rome with the intention of seeing the ruins. Thanks to his unrivalled knowledge of Latin literature, he viewed the ruins as ‘sites of memory’, complementary to and made comprehensible by the texts of Roman poets and historians. For Petrarch and his successors, the ruins became an essential part of the historical and cultural heritage of the ancient Romans, a material complement to the history of Livy and the poetry of Virgil. Such complementarity was crucial to endowing the ruins with some context and meaning; they were not just piles of broken rubble but a valuable part of the Roman cultural achievement as a whole. Petrarch’s enthusiasm was infectious and it can be claimed that he initiated two new disciplines, urban topography and antiquarianism, the subjects of the next two chapters, 5 and 6. From this point on, progression will be largely chronological, as the sentiment of ruin-mindedness is developed and enlarged.

This chapter brings together literary responses to the ruins of Rome. Over the centuries after Petrarch, the ruins had acquired historical, cultural and aesthetic validation, all the outcome of the development of a sentiment favourable to ruination; in short, ruin-mindedness. For an emotional validation we must turn to writers, who put into plain words how they felt about the ruins. The feelings are surprisingly various: sometimes elation, sometimes moral disgust. Whatever the reaction, it is usually founded, as was Petrarch’s, on the fact that the ruins of Rome have a historical and cultural context, thanks to the survival of Latin literature. The physical remains of the ancient city are given meaning by the Roman literary heritage, and it is that above all which enables writers to record a varied range of nuanced responses to them that are not likely to be evoked by a ruin without a history. Reactions to the ruins are affected by shifts in sensibility, especially the influence of romanticism, which insisted upon recording impressions of the ruins in moonlight. The ruins of Rome are signs to be interpreted in endless ways. This cannot be said of any other ruins anywhere.

The historian’s task is to narrate, but he must also win credibility for that narrative: his task is therefore also to persuade his audience that he is the proper person to tell the story and, moreover, that his account is one that should be believed. In his capacity as persuader, the historian will often try to shape the audience’s perception of his character and to use this as an additional claim to authority; indeed, among the Roman historians, where explicit professions of research are rarer than with the Greeks, the shaping of the narrator’s character takes on a correspondingly larger role. But most of the historians, Greek and Roman, try to shape their audience’s perception of their character. Nor is this surprising when we consider the teachings of rhetoric.

In this chapter, we review the neuro-ophthalmologic history and examination, and provide frameworks for their assessment. We summarize the neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations in common movement disorders. Attention to the neuro-ophthalmologic system can assist with the differential diagnosis of these conditions.