Pediatric movement disorders are a heterogeneous group of disorders with varied etiologies. Although many movement disorders that present in adults can also present in infants and children, there is a subset of conditions that are unique to the pediatric population. One such broad category are the benign and developmental movement disorders of infancy and early childhood. In general, these movements disorders are transient, and outcomes are positive. Accurate diagnosis can minimize the need for additional testing and provide families with reassurance.

Chapter 5 elucidates how the Anti-Extradition Movement erupted despite the lack of political opportunities in the post-Umbrella period. We demonstrate how abeyance networks from previous mobilizations and an online petition campaign transformed the idea of extradition into a widely perceived existential threat, galvanizing popular support for the movement and leading to the confluence of the masses.

This chapter establishes the general theory for a pair of nonsymmetric multifunctors (E,F) to provide inverse equivalences of homotopy theories between enriched diagram categories. The main result is Theorem 11.4.14 and does not require E or F to satisfy the symmetry condition of a multifunctor. A similar result for enriched Mackey functor categories, in Theorem 11.4.24, requires that E, but not necessarily F, is a multifunctor. This is important for the applications, Theorems 12.1.6 and 12.4.6. There, E is an endomorphism multifunctor and F is a corresponding free nonsymmetric multifunctor.

This chapter considers how the nonsense of Lear, Carroll and Rossetti charts a course through the unknown territories of late-Victorian modernity. It explores the flourishing of nonsense in the 1870s in the context of accounts of the decade as a time when Victorian culture was forced to reckon with the changes and developments that the century had been driving towards. Focusing on puzzling geographies of Carroll’s The Hunting of the Snark and Through the Looking-Glass, the playful exploration of new ways of knowing in Lear’s poetry and the interrogation of likeness and difference in Christina Rossetti’s works for children, it proposes nonsense as a genre well-placed to express the period’s political and epistemological uncertainties.

In Chapter 6, I offer a narrative of how Tehran, as both a physical reality and a conceptual entity, captures the imagination of its residents. The chapter is organized around two emerging cities. The first is a material city that is sometimes admired as “modern,” “developed,” or “comparable to other modern capitals,” and sometimes criticized as “a betrayal of Tehran’s history,” “superficial,” “fake,” “a parody of other cities, with no authenticity.” I explore a second emerging city, a perceptual Tehran, through the narratives that engage with the city as a symbolic entity. Through these expressions, I lay out how Tehran is perceived by its residents, showing that identifying with the city is common and that place identities are more influenced by a sense of belonging to the city than to specific neighborhoods. Furthermore, Tehran has become a new source of inspiration for an unprecedented number of artworks and literature in recent years. Accordingly, while the chapter explores perceptions of the city through narratives of its residents, it also draws on examples of works of art and literature to examine how the city is reproduced and, thus, remembered and celebrated.

Ever since its conception in the 1980s, the scope of what is understood by ‘construction grammar’ has evolved to a point where the constructional enterprise has become a full branch of linguistics in its own right. It can therefore be a daunting challenge for newcomers to come to grips with different research directions that have been pursued under a constructional banner, and even seasoned construction grammarians are at risk of misunderstanding each other. The goal of this chapter is therefore to offer a comparative guide for navigating the constructional landscape and to show that the existence of different constructional flavors is a healthy and necessary response to the problem of analyzing complex linguistic structures, provided that the community maintains a consensus about its core concepts.

Why should we take visual sources more seriously in our study of global diplomacy? The innovative approach presented in this volume involves using a wide range of visual sources, such as photographs, paintings, films, and material culture, to reveal how these sources can help to illuminate symbolic aspects of diplomacy that textual sources alone may not be able to do. Visual sources can reveal hidden stories and, importantly, help to de-centre the prevailing preconceptions about the nature of global diplomacy and its power dynamics. The unravelling of symbolisms can add cultural depth to the staging of global diplomacy. The approach introduces a host of diplomatic actors often neglected by scholars, including Southeast Asian leaders, female personalities, and crowds of onlookers. Each chapter, which includes examples of intra-Asia diplomacy as well as Asian diplomacy with Western societies, demonstrates the critical role played by visual sources to the field of diplomatic culture.

Although movement is largely generated from the primary motor cortex, what movement to make and how to make it is influenced from the entire brain. External influences from the environment come from sensory systems in the posterior part of the brain, and internal influences, such as homeostatic drive and reward, from the anterior part. A movement is voluntary when a person’s consciousness recognizes it to be so because of proper activation of the agency network. Behavioral movement disorders can be understood as dysfunction of these mechanisms. Apraxia and task specific dystonia arise from disruption of parietal–premotor connections. Tics arise from a hyperactive limbic system. Functional movement disorders may also have an origin in abnormal limbic function and are believed to be involuntary due to dysfunction of the agency network. In Parkinson’s disease, bradykinesia comes from insufficient basal ganglia support to the anterior part of the brain.

This chapter deals with abnormal, spontaneous and reactive motor behavior as part of the clinical expression of some psychiatric disorders, including abnormal motility, locomotion, gestures, mimic, and speech. Here, the differentiation of the abnormal motor behavior motor dysfunction as an integral part of a psychiatric condition or as a side effect of its treatment is critical for the management but often remains difficult to differentiate. Iatrogenic movement disorders, as might be seen in the treatment of specific psychiatric disorders, for instance with neuroleptics, are discussed in Chapter 51. In this chapter, we focus on the signs and symptoms of movement disorders as an integral, genuine part of the clinical manifestation, sometimes even in prodromal states, in psychiatric diseases, such as in schizophrenia, catatonia, and stereotypies, as well as in major depressive disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and impulse control disorders. Psychogenic (functional or somatoform) motor behavioral abnormalities, the result of conversion, somatization and/or factious disorders (malingering), are described in Chapter 53.

Many constructions have both metaphoric and non-metaphoric uses. For example, English transitives can either involve metaphor, as in she devoured the experience, or be non-metaphoric, as in she devoured the meat. On the other hand, constructions such as the idiom glutton for punishment or the compound verb greenlight can never be literal. This chapter argues that ‘optionally metaphoric’ constructions, such as transitives, show how metaphoric meaning is often based on non-metaphoric meaning, whereas ‘inherently metaphoric’ constructions, as in greenlight, demonstrate the role of conceptual metaphors in constructional semantics.

In this chapter, I argue that geographical location and spatial orientation influence how residents of Tehran think about who they are and how they define and negotiate boundaries. In Tehran, the spatial locations of self and others in the hierarchical structure of the city remain signifiers of social status, yet the use of public spaces in different parts of the city and easier access to these spaces have complicated established social relations. I discuss how social, symbolic, and spatial boundaries are negotiated in a changing urban environment and how such processes create a sense of belonging or alienation – of being included or excluded – in different spaces. Furthermore, I show that while dividing lines among social groups in Tehran are conceptually powerful, they are not entirely class-based; rather, they are defined by a complex set of values and relations that are constantly questioned and renegotiated in public spaces.