Chapter 8 focuses on how the strand of legal argument traced in Chapter 7 was deployed by a number of pro-imperialist writers in England in reply to Price, Paine and the American colonists in 1776. The first to take up the claim that liberty is nothing other than absence of restraint were the lawyers John Lind and Richard Hey, and they were soon followed by a large number of other critics of Price, among whom the most prominent were Adam Ferguson, John Welsey and later William Paley. The chapter focuses in particular on three objections generally raised against Price’s account of liberty. The first was that his definition confuses the state of being unfree with that of merely lacking security for the liberty you possess. The second was that he connects liberty with an unviable concept of inalienable natural rights. The third was that, by defining liberty as absence of dependence, and then equating dependence with slavery, he commits himself to a morally indefensible definition of slavery. He forgets that slaves are not merely subject to the will of their masters, but that the chief horror of slavery is that they are also regarded as being their master’s property.

Myoclonus is defined as a sudden, brief, lightning-like involuntary movement that is caused by muscle contraction (positive myoclonus) or sudden inhibition of muscle contraction (negative myoclonus). It presents a challenging picture for several reasons. (1) There is a vast array of clinical presentations, which makes even the identification of myoclonus difficult. (2) Myoclonus is a clinical symptom, for which there are numerous causes. (3) There are multiple pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying myoclonus. For these reasons, there are several classification schemes and the differential diagnosis is broad. Further, treatment of myoclonus is hampered by a scarcity of large-scale randomized studies. As such, it is difficult to identify a unified and comprehensive approach to clinical evaluation and treatment of myoclonus. Although there is presently no consensus as to the ideal method of classifying or clinically approaching myoclonus, the various classification schemes each incorporate important aspects of myoclonus with the goal of devising an optimal treatment strategy.

We live in a turbulent world observed through coarse-grained lenses. Coarse graining (CG), however, is not only a limit but also a need imposed by the enormous amount of data produced by modern simulations. Target audiences for our survey are graduate students, basic research scientists, and professionals involved in the design and analysis of complex turbulent flows. The ideal readers of this book are researchers with a basic knowledge of fluid mechanics, turbulence, computing, and statistical methods, who are disposed to enlarging their understanding of the fundamentals of CG and are interested in examining different methods applied to managing a chaotic world observed through coarse-grained lenses.

This chapter argues that the 1870s witnessed the final hegemony of a cause-and-effect form of thick temporality that arguably still dominates our lives. It asks if digital tools open up alternative ways of thinking about chronology, our experience of time, and the possibility of action. The chapter examines two digital projects that change how we approach the 1870s: Britain, Representation, and Nineteenth-Century History or BRANCH at branchcollective.org, and Collaborative Organization for Virtual Education or COVE at covecollective.org.

In order to manage the issue of diversity of regulatory vision, States may, to some extent, harmonize substantive regulation—eliminating diversity. This is less likely than States determining unilaterally or multilaterally to develop manageable rules of jurisdiction, so that their regulation applies only in limited circumstances. The fullest realization of this “choice of law” solution would involve geoblocking or other technology that divides up regulatory authority according to a specified, and a perhaps agreed, principle. Geoblocking may be costly and ultimately porous, but it would allow different communities to effectuate their different visions of the good in the platform context. To the extent that the principles of jurisdiction are agreed, and are structured to be exclusive, platforms would have the certainty of knowing the requirements under which they must operate in each market. Of course, different communities may remain territorial states, but given the a-territorial nature of the internet, it may be possible for other divisions of authority and responsibility to develop. Cultural affinity, or political perspective, may be more compelling as an organizational principle to some than territorial co-location.

This chapter considers poetry of the 1870s in the aftermath of the previous boom decade in magazine verse, with the flowering of shilling monthlies and popular literary weeklies, when periodical publishers became firmly established as the era’s primary poetry publishers, and when most readers accessed poems in ephemeral print. Literary accounts of the Victorian era conventionally consider poetry book publication as defining the era’s poetics, and certainly in the 1870s there were no shortage of prominent poetry volumes. But this decade also saw poetry defined in relation to magazine verse, and the value of poetry was integral to associated issues of ephemerality and modernity. This chapter focuses in particular on the place of poetry in two new periodicals of the 1870s: The Dark Blue and The Nineteenth Century.

Parkinson’s disease has been recently redefined clinically and its underlying molecular biology determined. Although it is a neurodegenerative disease, loss of neurons is largely focal rather than large scale; symptoms are caused more by neurochemical deficits and dysfunctional cells than cell loss. The two main pathologic features are loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain and the more widespread aggregation of a-synuclein in certain vulnerable neurons in the brain. Several triggers can cause the molecular cascade that kills dopamine neurons and makes the a-synuclein protein fibrilize and aggregate initially in brainstem neurons, including genetic variants and post-translational modification of the protein. The disease is slowly progressive with the propagation of aggregates from vulnerable synapses to the entire neuron, then from one neuron to other neurons and glial cells. Different propagation mechanisms have been identified for these different brain cells that work in concert to sustain the slow disease process. Current therapeutic delivery of dopamine or deep brain stimulation temporarily relieve the symptoms with disease-modifying treatments now able to be trialled due to identifying the underlying molecular biology.

Measurement is an essential activity in neurology, as it allows for collecting and sharing data that can be used for description, comparison and decision making regarding the health status of patients. The adequate assessment of motor and functional signs and symptoms of movement disorders must be done with instruments that have been developed and tested following a standardized methodology. The validation of a scale or instrument is an iterative process that includes several phases and the testing of a number of psychometric properties following the principles of the Classical Test Theory or the Latent Test Theory, each with its own methods and statistical procedures. In this chapter, we review the characteristics and psychometric properties of the main measurement instruments and scales for assessing motor and functional symptoms in movement disorders, particularly those recommended by the Movement Disorders Society.

This chapter goes beyond Surama Village and focuses on how Anglican missionaries from the Church Missionary Society (CMS) established missions in British Guiana during the mid nineteenth century that impacted the Makushi and other Indigenous groups. Based on archival sources, it closely describes how Thomas Youd formed three successive missions in the Makushi territory during the 1830s and 1840s. The chapter considers the relational modes, acquisitions of desiderata, and patterns of interaction evident among Makushi groups in this context. It considers the strategies and intentions involved in their seeking relations with Youd and other Anglican missionaries against the backdrop of ongoing threats of slaving expeditions directed against them from Brazil. The chapter also examines a later visit to the Makushi by an Anglican missionary during the 1850s and introduces early evidence of the aftermath of such missionisation. The chapter builds up to a discussion of the shamanic dimensions of these historical interactions.