The focus of this chapter is the puzzle about why it has taken so long for the G20 to be taken seriously in institutionalist international relations, and whether this evolutionary pattern matters for addressing the pivotal question: “How International Organizations Promote or Detract from Peaceful Change.” Amid the shocks of the Global Financial Crisis, the G20 became the privileged institutional choice over alternative options via formal International Organizations, including the United Nations. The protracted lack of scrutiny on the G20 in institutionalist IR is puzzling given the role of this scholarship in extending the level of analysis not only with an original focus on formal IOs but also an expanded range of informal institutions. Per se, the extended neglect of the G20 is a symptom of an ingrained Western and more specially the US centrism in the literature. Even as the G20 has lost instrumental purpose, the value of the G20 as a vehicle for management of world politics must be recognized. The lack of understanding concerning the evolution of the G20 in mainstream IR is particularly noticeable with respect to the elevated role in the G20 by countries with Global South identities.

Despite increasing dilapidation, many of Rome’s ancient buildings survived in a form to impress visitors. During the Middle Ages a number of them – Hildebert of Lavardin, Master Gregorius, Benjamin of Tudela – left a brief record of the favourable impression the ruins made upon them. More widespread, however, were the legendary accounts, as found most extensively in the Mirabilia Urbis Romae, of the history and function of a number of the ruins of the pagan past. Such fables can be seen as forerunners of later ruin-mindedness in their attempt to explain the original role in the urban fabric of what was now ruinous and puzzling.

The second chapter charts the history of the Royal Library of Bijapur, today housed in the British Library in London, through the histories of circulation of its manuscripts from the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries. It highlights the entanglement of Bijapur’s courtly and scholarly elites with the world of transoceanic Arabic scholarship. By focusing on different manuscript notes as symbols of political power, scholarly authority, and textual soundness, it illuminates the changing functions and significances of the manuscript corpus. This manuscript collection constituted a royal library collection, made up of sultanic sub-collections, but it was also an Islamicate library that preserved stories of knowledge transmission in Arabic and Persian. Over the seventeenth century, shifting intellectual and political incentives transformed the manuscript collection from a courtly collection with its economy of gift-giving into a shrine library. It served as a textual entrepôt for scholarly communities. The chapter makes the broader argument that such textual entrepôts constituted crucial sociabilities and brought together learned individuals in their shared intellectual pursuits.

British reviewers often opposed the distasteful ‘physiological’ experiments of their European neighbours while simultaneously embracing laboratory principles and methods to dissect the practice of criticism. Chapter 8 surveys the newspapers and periodicals of the period to show that vivisectional terminology was remarkably sprawling in its applications and meanings. Experimental physiology’s modus operandi was used to shape and articulate key methodological and ideological principles emerging in late-Victorian literary-critical theory and practice. Namely, allusions to ‘vivisection’ expressed a growing professionalism and a shift from an ‘illustrative’ to a dispassionate ‘analytical’ mode, paralleling the trend towards ‘scientific’ historiography. Certain authors such as George Eliot, William Thackeray, and Charlotte Brontë were persistently labelled ‘literary vivisectors’, and the chapter ends by arguing that romanticised notions of the sympathetic female author presented one obstacle to objective, ‘vivisectional’ fin-de-siècle literary criticism.

Dystonia is a heterogeneous group of diseases with important variability in phenomenology and underlying etiology and pathophysiology. Treatment must be individualized according to the symptomatology and needs of a specific patient. Several efficacious treatments to improve the symptoms of dystonia exist, but few treatments for metabolic and other disorders causing dystonia. The most important therapeutic options are described and discussed. Better understanding of the genetics and pathophysiology of dystonia, the progress of deep brain stimulation, and the possibility of physical therapy greatly improved multimodal therapeutic management of the dystonia patient. However, we are far from a cure; we can only rarely eliminate symptoms, with a few exceptions. For successful treatment, we need to consider specific motor and non-motor aspects of dystonia, different from other movement disorders. It is particularly important to understand the possibility and limitation of each therapeutic option in order to propose and combine different treatments according to the needs of a specific patient.

Like information disseminated through online platforms, infectious diseases can cross international borders as they track the movement of people (and sometimes animals and goods) and spread globally. Hence, their control and management have major implications for international relations, and international law. Drawing on this analogy, this chapter looks to global health governance to formulate suggestions for the governance of online platforms. Successes in global health governance suggest that the principle of tackling low-hanging fruit first to build trust and momentum towards more challenging goals may extend to online platform governance. Progress beyond the low-hanging fruit appears more challenging: For one, disagreement on the issue of resource allocation in the online platform setting may lead to “outbreaks” of disinformation being relegated to regions of the world that may not be at the top of online platforms’ market priorities lists. Secondly, while there may be wide consensus on the harms of infectious disease outbreaks, the harms from the spread of disinformation are more contested. Relying on national definitions of disinformation would hardly yield coherent international cooperation. Global health governance would thus suggest that an internationally negotiated agreement on standards as it relates to disinformation may be necessary.

The concluding chapter synthesises the findings from the previous chapters to argue for a cultural integration of the western Indian Ocean through transoceanic mobilities of Arabic learning. It explores the many historical, social, and cultural aspects of Arabic learning based on those findings. Building on recent scholarship it reflects on how transoceanic histories of Arabic learning relate to histories of maritime trade in this period. It considers the importance of locating Arabic as a ‘cosmopolitan idiom of learning’ in early modern multilingual South Asia that shared many social, cultural, and political contexts with other languages.

Chapter 10 delves into the process of tactical radicalization observed in the 2019 movement. By adopting a relational approach, we analyze radicalization as a result of dynamic interactions across multiple arenas. We explore how discursive negotiations among protesters served as both the driving force and the limit to radicalization. It induced moderate protesters to extend tacit support to their more militant counterparts while acting as a restraint mechanism to curtail excessive measures.