Cupressoid evergreen trees, the fresh branchlets with foliage are mostly held in vertical planes. The leaves are collectively somewhat spanner-like in shape, each etched across one or both surfaces with conspicuous white detailed markings. The pellucid foliage and characteristic white markings particularly distinguishes Austrocedrus.

Jesus of Nazareth was a first-century teacher, miracle worker, and messianic figure. His chief aim was to promote religious renewal among the Jewish people in anticipation of the kingdom of God, which he believed to be dawning in his ministry. His personal authority and vision of fundamental change won many sympathizers but also created fierce opposition.

Polymyositis is an autoimmune condition (thought to be T-cell mediated) resulting in muscle inflammation and destruction that can occur as an isolated syndrome or as a part of any of several systemic autoimmune diseases such as Crohn disease, systemic lupus, celiac disease, Sjogren syndrome, Behcet's, sarcoidosis, and many others. Polymyositis can be differentiated from dermatomyositis by findings on muscle biopsy and the absence of dermatological findings.

Anton syndrome (AS), also called Anton–Babinski syndrome, is a rare form of visual anosognosia seen in patients with lesions of bilateral occipital lobes (primary visual cortices). It is thought that AS was first unknowingly described by Roman philosopher and politician Seneca in AD 63, who wrote in his Moral Letters of Lucilius about his wife’s slave who had become acutely blind but could not appreciate her blindness. Though another case would be described by French Renaissance writer Michel de Montaigne in the sixteenth century, this condition would not be described by a physician until 1864 when Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist Gabriel Anton described the case of “Ursula M,” who denied her objective blindness. The term anosognosia was later coined by François Babinski in 1914, referring to a patient’s unawareness of his/her neurological or physical deficits.

Hereditary ataxias are classified based on their inheritance. Amongst autosomal recessive ataxias, Friedreich ataxia (FA) is the most common. Most FA cases are caused by loss-of-function mutations in the frataxin gene on chromosome 9q13. This mutation is characterized by GAA trinucleotide repeat expansion in the noncoding first intron of the frataxin gene, resulting in its silencing and deficiency.

Orthostatic tremor is a relatively rare and unique tremor that is isolated to the legs. This is characterized by a low amplitude, high frequency (14–16 Hz) tremor that is not present while sitting or when reclined but manifests only while the patient is standing still. The amplitude of the movements in orthostatic tremor is often so small that they are invisible to observers, and only appreciable when palpated. These patients often have difficulty initiating their first few steps, but once they start walking, their tremor resolves. These patients often adopt a wide-based cautious gait, with difficulty with tandem gait. Because of the difficult visualization of the tremor due to its low amplitude nature, historically, the symptoms reported by those with orthostatic tremor have been misdiagnosed as hysteria.

This chapter analyses the structures of society through the changing faces of estate management, agricultural production, and long-distance trade. It reframes Merovingian society as one radically altered by new landholding patterns, resource utilisation, and tastes in consumption, rather than one trapped passively in post-Roman economic decline. The period still had its challenges, including poverty, pandemic, and environmental change. Our interpretation of the fragmentary and inconsistent evidence very much depends on the areas we choose to prioritise.

In this chapter, we will inquire into a common definition of constructivism that acknowledges cognition (learning) not as a passive process of receiving information, but as an active process of making meaning, a mental construction that reframes our existing understandings from our different experiences (Olusegun, 2015). In addition, we will explore the historical roots of constructivism to identify common themes in these models through examining insights from key theorists, its strengths and possible limitations. Furthermore we will present a rationale for a ‘flipped PBL’ constructivist pedagogy that provides learners with discourse through authentic problems that enable situational and ongoing cognitive motivation by way of mastery of key concepts and the application of conceptual knowledge to a range of contexts. The uniqueness of this pedagogical approach employs flipped learning experiences to build expertise, depth of learning and problem-solving across a range of contexts to ensure breadth of application. To gain a deeper understanding of this approach, we will also look at some examples of its application in a primary and secondary context and examine the implications for its use.

Tall, pyramidal and often massive evergreen trees, typically with straight trunks and often irregularly protruding main branch systems, distinguished from Abies by their more irregular foliar habit and pendulous female cones with exerted trifid bracts.

This chapter will develop your understanding of the role of widening participation in Australia, specifically the pedagogical approaches outlined throughout the chapter which can be enacted to support learners from all backgrounds. These critical teaching approaches have the power to disrupt the reproduction of existing structural inequalities to enhance the educational success of learners from all sectors of Australian society.

Essential tremor is a progressive, chronic action tremor that is most commonly found in the bilateral hands and arms (90%); however, it can also be found in the head and neck (30%), legs (12%), and voice (20%). Though symptoms can be disabling for some, in most cases symptoms are only mild and do not require medical intervention. There also appears to be a large proportion of patients (50%–70%) who show an autosomal dominant familial transmission.

The conditions on early Earth prior to four billion years ago (Hadean Earth), which shaped the origin(s) and early evolution of life, are discussed in this chapter. It begins with a summary of the various sources of internal heat on terrestrial planets and the types of heat transport (e.g., conduction), as these factors influenced the habitability of early Earth and its temporal evolution. This is followed by an exposition of the characteristics of Hadean Earth: the Moon-forming impact, oceans, landmasses, and atmosphere, including the faint young Sun paradox – how did Earth stay unfrozen despite the Sun’s lower luminosity? The chapter concludes with sketching the putative Late Heavy Bombardment (a potential spike in the impactor rate) about four billion years ago, and a general treatment of the positives and downsides of large impacts.

Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord occurs in individuals deficient in vitamin B12. This deficiency predominantly affects the dorsal column pathways and the lateral corticospinal tracts. Clinically, the patients present with a subacute to chronic weakness, paresthesias, and ataxia. Over time, they can develop spasticity because of involvement of the corticospinal tracts, hence presenting as a myelopathy. As opposed to a typical myelopathy, the reflexes are often diminished or absent due to a coexisting peripheral neuropathy, but plantar responses are extensor. Overall, the most common neurological manifestation of B12 deficiency is a peripheral polyneuropathy.

Metaphysics is often understood as an inquiry into the fundamental structures of reality. Collingwood, by contrast, defends a view of metaphysics on which its role is not to advance knowledge of fundamental reality but to deepen our understanding of the presuppositions on which knowledge rests. On Collingwood’s view, knowledge requires explanation, explanations are answers to questions, and questions rest on presuppositions. The metaphysician’s task is to trace the entailment relations that hold between answers, the questions they seek to answer, and the presuppositions that give rise to the questions characteristic of different forms of knowledge. This exposes misunderstandings which arise when answers to a question of one kind are erroneously taken to be in conflict with answers to questions of a different kind, ones resting on different presuppositions and pursuing different explanatory goals. This chapter outlines Collingwood’s conception of presuppositional analysis and his distinctive views of the role of conceptual analysis in metaphysics. It also explores affinities between Collingwood’s conception of metaphysics and Wittgenstein’s hinge epistemology.