Named from the joining of the Greek word amaurosis, meaning “dark,” and the Latin word fugax, meaning “fleeting,” amaurosis fugax is a clinical stroke syndrome characterized by sudden but transient partial or complete loss of monocular vision. This condition is also commonly called “transient monocular vision loss,” though this description often includes a much larger differential.

The chapter gives a broadly chronological account of the ‘quest of the historical Jesus’. The discussion raises questions about the meaning of the term ‘historical Jesus’, the extent to which the ‘quest’ can be divided into self-contained periods of study, and about the purpose of such study, especially when it is approached with different methodologies and presuppositions. Such disputation, it is argued, should encourage an attitude of modesty among scholars involved in the ‘quest.’

The most enduring stereotypes about feminists is that they are manhaters. Interestingly, few empirical studies have examined this stereotype for its veracity. Chapter 4 critically examines the stereotype that feminists dislike men and that feminism is a movement against men. Social psychological research on women’s attitudes toward men is examined and finds that anti-feminists actually feel more hostility toward men than do feminists. The function and implication of the manhating feminist myth is critically examined in this chapter. The feminist manhater myth persists in order to undermine the feminist movement and to drive a wedge between traditional and non-traditional women. Related strategies to make feminism unpalatable, such as lesbian-baiting, are also critically examined. Chapter 4 ends with strategies to reduce the impact of the manhater stereotype and to foster gender equality. The empirical work measuring the effects of women/gender studies classes on students is presented, and teaching children about gender discrimination are some strategies presented.

This chapter explores the different types of illicit and informal economy in the two migrant communities and examines why and how Sanhe gods get involved in the gray economy. It also discusses state intervention in the communities through surveillance, raids, and compaigns as well as through gentrification projects. It ends with a discussion on Sanhe gods’ friendships in the community.

This chapter offers a survey of the principal Merovingian narrative sources. It covers the key chronicles: Gregory, the Chronicles of Fredegar, and the Liber historiae Francorum, plus their relatives. It also offers a guide to the production of hagiography in the period. Throughout the emphasis is on how we might read the stories in these sources, drawing on the competing arguments that have been put forward by scholars about the nature of the texts. Only by understanding some of the strengths and weaknesses of the common approaches to the narrative sources can readers be armed to approach the complexities of Merovingian history.

This chapter provides a survey of ecclesiastical and monastic organisations and how lay people engaged with them. There was no singular ‘Frankish Church’. There was considerable variation in what people wanted, how the liturgy was arranged, access to church councils and books, and how communities connected to Roman, English, Irish, Spanish, or Byzantine religious worlds. Communities were united by relatively compact beliefs, not least the need for imminent moral reform and penance ahead of an inevitable appearance at Judgement Day – whether it was at hand or far in the future.

This chapter explores a core question in astrobiology: what is the future of life on Earth and beyond? The first part describes the cessation of habitable conditions in Earth’s distant future (about a billion years hereafter), and the myriad risks that apparently confront humanity on shorter timescales, ranging from wars and artificial intelligence to asteroid impacts and massive volcanoes. The second segment outlines the possibility of humans migrating to other worlds in the solar system, and the numerous technological and logistical challenges expected to arise during this endeavour. The even more daunting notion of interstellar travel is also touched upon, and the propulsion systems and spacecraft advanced in this regard are sketched. The textbook comes to a close by taking stock of the fates that might await humankind.

Jesus of Nazareth’s future engages Christian hope and the fulfillment of creation’s purpose. Jesus’s earthly life and divine identity are inseparable. This union both constitutes and challenges perceptions of linear time and functions creatively to intertwine past, present, and future. Jesus’s transformative impact on humanity and history signifies the final reconciliation and realization of God’s kingdom, which is manifest both in his historical presence and in his eternal nature.

Tall, and always remarkably erect, eventually large, dioecious evergreen, long-lived, resiniferous trees. When young and often throughout life they have very strongly whorled and stout, more or less level to typically somewhat ascending branch systems, usually with upturning tips, with the lower branch whorls either retained or eventually shed to leave clean trunks which sometimes bear further foliar episodes of crown reiteration from middle to higher portions of the trunk. Tree crowns generally highly symmetric.

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting the CNS, occurring primarily in children aged 7–11, and proving 100% fatal despite treatment. Though the exact pathogenesis of SSPE is not understood, it is generally accepted that SSPE is caused by the persistent, dormant, infection with a genetically variant form of the measles virus. Understandably, SSPE occurs almost entirely in areas with low rates of measles vaccination such as parts of Africa and Asia. Historically only three to five cases occur in the USA yearly; however, this incidence increased three-fold in 2019, a change thought to be linked with the drop in US vaccination rates.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is best characterized by a combination of clinico-radioligical signs and symptoms caused by vasogenic brain edema. Patients with PRES most commonly present with a combination of headache, visual disturbance, altered mentation, seizures, and papilledema, in the setting of severe hypertension. Since the edema is mainly located in the posterior cortical regions, visual field deficits and cortical blindness are common presenting symptoms. Simple visual auras could occur as a result of seizure activity involving the occipital lobes.

Psychogenic tremor is a type of nonphysiological tremor. It often occurs in patients with underlying psychiatric conditions such as major depression, anxiety, or PTSD. Psychogenic tremors can take many forms and change location, frequency, and character, which is a helpful distinguishing factor from organic forms of tremor.

First described in German by Dr. D. Adler (unknown first name) in 1897 as the “one-sided rotary vertigo,” then later by Austrian otologist Robert Barany in 1921, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) finally received its name from Margaret Dix and Charles Hallpike in 1952.

Mars has always been one of the most promising targets in the search for current or extinct extraterrestrial life. The chapter commences with a brief summary of Mars’ basic characteristics, before describing its potential for instantaneous habitability (e.g., energy sources, bioessential elements), with an emphasis on the availability of water. This is followed by an exposition of how several aspects of Martian habitability have diminished over time, ranging from extensive atmospheric loss to the shutdown of its dynamo, both of which might have contributed to the emergence of its cold and arid climate today. Nevertheless, some specialised abodes where life may have persisted are touched upon (e.g., deep subsurface). In the last part of the chapter, the contentious history of life detection on Mars – the Viking mission experiments in the 1970s and the meteorite ALH84001 – is reviewed, and forthcoming missions to Mars are surveyed.