This chapter will show you how traversing the overlapping identities of self (micro), organisation (meso) and system (macro) is an essential skill for educators to be culturally responsive. This includes making decisions informed by broader contexts, organisation/learning environment interpretations of those cultures and, crucially for educators at all stages, what this then looks like in their own educational setting. For pre-service teachers, this calls for a consideration of multiple layers in the development of teacher identity. For all educators, it demands reflection and scrutiny throughout one’s career recognising that some aspects of identity may remain a continuity, while others may change. By examining practitioner examples, research literature, national and global contexts, this chapter will equip you with practical and theoretical examples. We hope this will help you identify and negotiate micro, meso and macro levels of teacher identity as a way to better identify, empathise and implement effective culturally responsive pedagogies for the contexts you work in.

The role of judges in implementing climate policies has become a crucial component of the existing governance framework regulating climate change action. Litigation focusing on more ambitious climate action is trending globally. Individuals, local authorities and NGOs are bringing lawsuits against national governments, holding them accountable to their legal obligations and engendering policy change. Due to the constitutional doctrine of the separation of powers, the justiciability of climate policy is questioned. Disagreements exist between advocates of an activist judicial role and those in favour of legislative and executive discretion. The main question is to what extent the judiciary can oblige other government branches to take urgent preventative action, particularly to implement or adjust climate policies. Their role in implementing climate policies is analysed from a comparative perspective, considering theoretical debates on the doctrine of the separation of powers in different legal systems and relevant case-law. The chapter connects international and domestic issues and highlights recommendations to foster effective implementation of more ambitious climate policies.

A small tree of yew-like appearance, but differing mainly in having a spike of pollen cones with small scale leaves positioned between whorls of sporophylls, and females with yew-like arils which are white, rather than red, at maturity.

Gadamer’s attitude to Collingwood was marked by ambivalence: while promoting the Englishman on the one hand, Gadamer claimed on the other that the fundamental dimension of “hermeneutical mediation” had simply escaped him. In this paper, I aim both to assess Gadamer’s debt to Collingwood and the prima facie strength of his objections. First, I reconstruct steps by which ideas of Collingwood found their place in Gadamer’s hermeneutics in the 1950s, including the central “axiom of all hermeneutics”: the thesis that “we can understand a text only when we have understood the question to which it is an answer.” Second, I examine Gadamer’s main objections to Collingwood, the first one being based on a misunderstanding of Collingwood’s stance, while the second one hits home, and I argue in the final section that at issue here is Collingwood’s claim that it is possible to rethink exactly the same thought as that of, say, an historical agent, while Gadamer holds precisely the opposite view, that this is never possible.

Neurocysticercosis (NNC) is caused by the larval form of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium and is the most common parasitic infection of the CNS worldwide. Taenia in particular is commonly endemic to Central and South America, India, Sub-Saharan Africa, and East Asia, and infections have become more common with the expansion of travel and immigration.

Caused by Clostridium botulinum – a neurotoxic, spore-forming, obligate anaerobic bacilli – botulism is most commonly acquired by ingesting the toxin through home-canned or home-processed foods, or ingesting the preformed spores by infants. Botulism can also be acquired through a wound, as C botulinum is commonly found in the soil.

On the standard “Wollheimian” reading of Collingwood’s aesthetics, Collingwood held that something is art in the true sense of the word when it involves an act of “expression” – understood in a particular way – on the part of the artist, and that artworks in all art-forms are “ideal” entities that, while externalizable, exist first and foremost in the mind of the expressive artist. I begin by providing a fuller account of the Wollheimian reading. I then survey challenges to and defenses of this reading, identifying residual difficulties confronting anyone who seeks to defend Collingwood. I attempt to resolve these difficulties by developing the idea that we take at face value Collingwood’s (overlooked) claim that the work of art is identical to the expressive activity of the artist rather than being identical to the expressive product of that activity, reading this claim in light of Collingwood’s talk about the painter as one who “paints imaginatively.”

Also known as “Wallenberg syndrome,” lateral medullary syndrome is a common brainstem stroke syndrome and is caused by ischemia of the dorsolateral medulla, which is nourished by the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA), which comes off the vertebral artery. In the majority of cases, the culprit vessel is the vertebral artery itself causing artery-to-artery embolism. This vascular occlusion produces a wedge-shaped infarct in the dorso-lateral medulla, posterior to the inferior olivary nucleus. Though it was first described by Swiss physician Gaspard Vieusseux in 1808, it was later explained in more detail by German neurologist Adolf Wallenberg in 1895, whose name this syndrome still carries.

Moderate to large in size, tall and usually long-lived evergreen trees, with multiple slender, widely spaced branch and branchlet systems bearing typically willow-like (salignoid) leaves, which are dorsiventrally flattened to form distinctive upper and lower surfaces, each with a raised midrib along the dorsal side. The whole forms, when mature, usually broad open crowns borne from smoothly thin-barked trunks.

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a syndrome caused by increased intracranial pressure without a mass lesion. In the past, IIH has been known by many names since being first discovered by German internist and surgeon Heinrich Quincke in 1897, shortly after developing the lumbar puncture. Dr. Quincke first named IIH “meningitis serosa.” Just a few years later in 1904, German neurologist Max Nonne first published the term pseudotumor cerebri after noticing that the symptoms of IIH were similar to those found in patients with intracranial masses. This was later termed benign intracranial hypertension by J. Foley in 1955 to avoid the connotation of malignancy to the general public; however, given the possibility of permanent vision loss in untreated cases, and thus not “benign,” this name has fallen out of favor.

Icy worlds with subsurface oceans are potentially among the most common repositories of liquid water in the Universe. Moreover, the solar system is confirmed to host a number of such worlds, notably: Europa, Enceladus, and Titan. Motivated by these considerations, this chapter examines the habitability of icy worlds from a general standpoint. The oceanic properties of Europa, Enceladus, and Titan are reviewed, followed by a simple analysis of the physical conditions in which subsurface oceans may be supported. The pathways for the formation of the building blocks of life, their assembly into polymers, and subsequent delivery to the subsurface ocean are elucidated. The possible constraints on the availability of energy sources and bioessential elements are delineated, as well as the types of organisms and ecosystems that could exist. The chapter concludes by briefly speculating about the trajectories of biological evolution conceivable on icy worlds.

The nature of prejudice and bigotry have changed in recent decades. In most communities it is unacceptable to be openly racist, sexist, or homophobic. Norms against prejudice have certainly changed. It is true that prejudice directed toward many groups has decreased; however, individual attitudes have not necessarily caught up with changing norms. As a result, some people hide their prejudices, attempting to mask their discrimination in neutral-seeming behavior. Others truly believe they are not prejudiced, even when they are. Social psychologists have spent recent decades measuring and mapping the nature of subtle, covert, and implicit forms of contemporary prejudice. Benign Bigotry critically examines seven contemporary myths and assumptions that reflect prejudice that appears common sense, even harmless, but actually reveal the perniciousness and insidiousness of contemporary prejudice. Benign Bigotry critically analyzes: (1) the assumption that prejudice is an individual-only problem; (2) that people in outgroups are all alike; (3) that those accused of a crime are likely guilty of something; (4) that feminists are manhaters; (5) that LGBTQ+ people flaunt their sexuality; (6) that those who claim racial colorblindness are not racists; and (7) that affirmative action amounts to reverse racism.

A major step towards the first constant-factor approximation algorithm for the Asymmetric TSP was made by Svensson. He devised a constant-factor approximation algorithm for Asymmetric Graph TSP, which is the special case of the Asymmetric TSP with c(e)=1 for all e ∈ E.

In this chapter, we present Svensson’s algorithm for the Asymmetric Graph TSP. We also incorporate some improvements, from Traub and Vygen, who gave a variant of Svensson’s algorithm with improved approximation ratio. Moreover, we present an improved algorithm for finding a graph subtour cover, which is the main subroutine of Svensson’s algorithm. Overall, we will obtain an approximation ratio of 8+ε for Asymmetric Graph TSP, for every ε>0.

Almost all techniques presented in this chapter will be used again in Chapters 7 and 8 for the general Asymmetric TSP.

Chapter 1 addresses the false belief that prejudice and discrimination are individual in nature and not systemic or institutional. Many people believe that racism, sexism, or homophobia comprise an individual’s negative feelings toward marginalized groups – a person has hate in their heart and discriminates against the relevant target. It is certainly the case that people can hate members of certain groups and that hate can manifest in discrimination. However, inequality is also refleted in insitutions. It is systemic and structural. That is, inequality is reflected in laws, policies, and practices, and is baked into insititutions such as health care, the criminal legal system, marriage, education, the military, and so on. Chapter 1 describes the key terms associated with systemic inequality, and describes the process by which systemic inequality is established and maintained. The chapter concludes with strategies to reduce systemic and structural inequality.