Crime rates and how crimes are presented to the public, specifically in the mass media, spread, and deepen individual and societal fear of crime. This fear of crime is a set of feelings which are orientated towards the problem of crime for society.

Here is a method for spot-checking a suspected bad transistor: the transistor must look like a pair of diodes when you test each junction separately. But, caution: do not take this as a description of the transistor’s mechanism when it is operating: it does not behave like two back-to-back diodes when operating (the circuits of Fig. 4L.1, if made with a pair of ordinary diodes, would be a flop, indeed).

Most students learn pretty quickly to read resistor values. They tend to have more trouble finding, say, a 100 pF capacitor.

Chapter 14 presents a dynamic model of long-term, art historical trends and shows the complexity of overlapping styles and movements. It is based on a modification af a dynamic model of development on the timescale of the human life course. The basic evolution rules are those of simultaneously operating processes of consolidation of the status quo and processes of innovation driven by a familiarity-novelty optimum. The simulation explores different scenarios, one of which generates the typical art-historical pattern of overlapping continuous as well as discontinuous processes.

Subsequent to adoption of the Convention, the International Law Commission studied legal issues relating to its interpretation and implementation in the context of its work on the Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind. This included issues such as the nature of participation and the available defences. The Genocide Convention and the crime of genocide are addressed in several international treaties, in particular the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Convention on the non-applicability of Statutory Limitation, and the Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of Apartheid. The Genocide Convention was also studied in detail by the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and the Protection of Minorities and the Ad Hoc Working Group of Experts on Apartheid. In the 1990s, the crime of genocide as defined in the Convention was incorporated in the statutes of the ad hoc international criminal tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda and the International Criminal Court. These courts have all provided judicial interpretation of the definition of genocide taken from the Convention. The Elements of Crimes, adopted pursuant to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, further develop the definition of genocide.

Chapter 9 describes the timescale of the emergence of artistic excellence and celebrity, which involves processes that may be shorter or longer than the artist’s life course, in this case the historical appreciation of the significance of a particular artist and work. The chapter first discusses the standard model of excellence from the behavioral sciences and explains why this model cannot account for the empirical data. The chapter discusses the emergence and distribution of excellence and celebrity, including artistic superstars, and shows how these processes illustrate fundamental features of complex systems such as asymmetric distributions, power laws, and self-similarity.

This chapter discusses 1-polygraphs, which are simply directed graphs, thought of here as abstract rewriting systems: they consist of vertices, which represent the objects of interest, and arrows, which indicate that one object can be rewritten into another. After formally introducing those, it will be shown that they provide a notion of presentation for sets, by generators and relations. Of course presentations of sets are of little interest in themselves, but merely used here as a gentle introduction to some of the main concepts discussed in this work: in particular, the notion of Tietze transformations is introduced, which generates the equivalence between two presentations of the same set. In this context, an important question consists in deciding when two objects are equivalent, i.e., represent the same element of the presented set. In order to address it, the theory of abstract rewriting systems is developed.

Anchored in the theoretical perspectives explored in Chapter 1, Chapter 2 surveys the historical development of infant pain denial from 1890 until 1950 in three scientific communities: the child study movement, behavioural psychology and paediatrics. The analysis shows the extent to which figurations of children’s pain were products of a struggle for recognition between contending disciplines and delves into the reasons for the scepticism towards pain, which had important consequences in paediatrics.

The usefulness and richness of 2-polygraphs is confirmed by the large number and variety of categories they present. In order to show that a given polygraph is a presentation of a given category, one can either tackle the issue directly, by using rewriting tools, or take a modular approach, by combining already known presentations: this is the route taken in the present chapter. Three significant applications are given. First addressed is the presentation of limits and colimits by means of given presentations of the base categories, and precisely shown is how to systematically build presentations of products, coproducts, and pushouts. Next, it is shown how to add formal inverses to some morphisms of a category at the level of presentations. Finally, distributive laws are investigated in relation to factorization systems on categories. A notion of composition along a distributive law between two small categories sharing the same set of objects is introduced, and it is shown how to derive a presentation of this composite from presentations of the components.