Where Market Studies opened the theorizing of markets to concerns of various affected publics, we propose a new shift to further destabilize understandings of what markets are and can be. This shift considers how care, as an affective, ethical, and political force, figures in markets – and, moreover, to make room for care where it may currently be absent. We draw on feminist materialist discussions of care to render explicit the ways in which care circulates in existing markets – and in Market Studies – and propose five avenues for inquiry into care and markets: care as a market object; care as a critical market maintenance practice; care as more-than-concern, more affectively, ethically, and politically committed; care as a basis to rethink market relations and construct better – fairer and more just – markets; and, finally, care as a relational force circulating between us as Market Studies researchers, the objects of our study, our workplaces, and the more-than-human worlds we belong in. We do not suggest that care is a panacea for all market ills, but offer it as an analytic of provocation – something to think with as we imagine and enact future markets.

Chapter 2 reviews the principles of statistics that are necessary for the discussion of machine learning evaluation methods, especially the statical analysis discussion of Chapter 7. In particular, it reviews the notions of random variables, distributions, confidence intervals, and hypothesis testing.

This chapter discusses the use of virtual approaches to data collection in qualitative research in the age of Covid-19. Covid-19, also known as SARS-CoV-2, came to public attention on December 1, 2019, and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. Due to safety considerations, Covid-19 necessitated the move from in-person approaches to virtual approaches for qualitative researchers, most of whom likely lack specific training and knowledge on Internet-mediated approaches with data collection. To provide background information and perspective on virtual interviewing, the chapter offers a primer by overviewing virtual interviewing, examining researcher and participant perspectives, and offering best-practice considerations when managing the technical aspects, participant engagement, and ethical considerations of virtual interviewing.

The discipline of sociology focuses on interactions and group processes from the perspective of emergent phenomena at the social level. Concepts like social embedding, norms, group-level motivation, or status hierarchies can only be defined and conceptualized in contexts in which individuals are involved in social interaction. Such concepts share the property of being social facts that cannot be changed by individual intention alone and that require some element of individual adjustment to the socially given condition. Sociologists study the embeddedness of individual motivations or preferences in the context of social phenomena as such and the impact of these phenomena on individual adaptation. However, these phenomena can only be observed in individual human behavior, and this tension between the substantive focus on the aggregate level and the analytical focus on the individual level is the challenge that sociological experiments confront.

This chapter explores the relationship between Christianity and ecology in Clare’s poetry, letters, and biblical paraphrases. Critics tend to secularize Clare’s writing and so overlook its biblical, religious, and metaphysical content. The chapter redresses this by assessing Clare’s early Christian faith, his relationship to Wesleyan Methodism and the Ranters, his distrust of organized religion, and his divine ecology as an expression of rural Christianity. Clare looks beyond pantheism and natural religion to identify an interwoven and sacred creation inseparable from the parish. As such, Clare valued Christianity as a ‘religion that teaches us to act justly to speak truth & love mercy’, a social and ecological politics embedded in prayer, mystery, scripture, and faith.

Gender remains absent from the agenda of Market Studies. This chapter asks (1) why gender is absent, (2) why Market Studies should bother with gender, and (3) how Market Studies scholars might go about incorporating questions of gender in their research. The chapter traces the roots of the field’s avoidance of gender issues to the idea that gender is either a problematic or an unnecessary concept. The chapter further suggests that studying the co-performation of markets and gender promises to lead to an improved understanding of both gender and markets. Imagining avenues for future research, the chapter seeks inspiration in ethnomethodological theories of gender and Butler’s theory of gender performativity as well as proposes the strategy of seeking constructivist answers to feminist questions.

I introduce the topic, theme, central argument of the study, and its setting in Gulf petro-monarchies. I discuss the relevant scholarly literature, especially as it concerns ways in which religion (and specifically, Islam) has been used by political actors to advance particular interests. I provide a detailed elaboration of the argument and its various parts, as well as the method of analysis and justification for the choice of cases. I then discuss the context and cases in greater detail, with attention to key features of the historical development of the petro-monarchies from their pre-oil contact with the British imperial power, the arrival of oil companies, the importation of labor, the definition of borders and emergence of “modern” states. I illustrate noteworthy structural peculiarities of each of the four states. Finally, I outline the architecture of the manuscript, with an overview of each chapter.

This chapter presents the discussion of whether every mujtahid is correct (hal kull mujtahid muṣīb?) as found in al-Qawānīn al-Muḥkama fī l-Uṣūl of Abū al-Qāsim b. Muḥammad al-Ḥasan al-Shaftī al-Qummī (d. 1231/1816). In particular, it explores the implications of this largely legal question for theology and otherworldly salvation (i.e. soteriology). Taṣwīb theories of ijtihād (sometimes called ‘infallibilist’ theories) commonly held that in the absence of definitive evidence all suitably determined opinions are correct. Takhṭiʾa (‘fallibilist’ theories) held that the correct position was only ever one, and ijtihād was a fallible attempt to discover this one correct position. Ultimately both positions allowed for some legitimate diversity in scholarly opinion on matters of law. The implications of this legal epistemology informed Muslim ideas about the implications of holding incorrect theological beliefs.

It would hardly be persuasive for St. Thomas to say that we need divine Revelation just because divine Revelation tells us so. He does quote from Holy Scripture to show that it confirms his conclusions, but the argument in this Article is based squarely on reason: we need Revelation because some of the things we need to know cannot be found out by reason alone, and because even many of those things which can be are very difficult for reason to ascertain.

The brain stem center that controls the pupillary light reflex is activated by light. This center is called the Edinger-Westphal (EW) nucleus, and it has excitatory synaptic input from the pretectal nucleus. The EW nucleus also receives inhibitory input that depresses activity in those neurons and dilates the pupil. The inhibitory influences projecting to the EW nucleus are discussed in this chapter

This chapter considers politically oriented works by Jacques Stephen Alexis, Edris Saint-Amand, Anthony Lespès, and Jacques Roumain, all communist writer-activists who came of age during the US occupation and were committed to the twinned ideologies of anti-racism and anti-imperialism. Kaussen shows how their Indigenist writings make explicit the connection between literature, Marxism, and the so-called folk, advocating for the embrace of Haiti’s African cultural origins, as expressed through the traditions of the peasantry. Not only do these writers put forward meaningful and incisive critiques of the existing social order, Kaussen observes, but they also present a wide array of imagined alternatives. Her chapter emphasizes the idiosyncrasies of Haitian socialism, noting the points of both intersection and diversion from Franco-European political models.