Titania (TiO2) was modified by codoping of Fe3+ and Ta5+ to absorb visible light. The codoped titania [(Fe,Ta)xTi1–xO2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1] were prepared by a solid state reaction or by the polymer complex method. With increased codoping, the optical absorption spectra are red-shifted and the color ranges from white to brown via yellow. Also, the codoped titania (0 < x ≤ 0.05) possesses photocatalytic activity for organic decomposition under visible light irradiation. The codoped titania (x = 0.01) with yellow color shows the highest activity among the codoped titania (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) and a higher activity than the 1% Fe3+-doped TiO2 with orange brown color.

Mechanical and thermodynamical properties of bulk polyethylene have been scrutinized using coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics simulations. Entangled but cross-link-free polymer clusters are generated by the semicrystalline lattice method for a wide range chain length of alkane modeled by CG beads, and tested under compressive and tensile stress with various temperature and strain rates. It has been found that the specific volume and volumetric thermal expansion coefficient decrease with the increase of chain length, where the specific volume is a linear function of the bond number to all bead number ratios, while the thermal expansion coefficient is a linear rational function of the ratio. Glass-transition temperature, however, does not seem to be sensitive to chain length. Yield stress under tension and compression increases with the increase of the bond number to all bead number ratio and strain rate as well as with decreasing temperature. The correlation found between chain length and these physical parameters suggests that the ratio dominates the mechanical properties of the present CG-modeled linear polymer material.

The dependence of the dielectric properties on the uniaxial compressive stress and the stress-strain properties was investigated for the case of (1-x)Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3–xNaTaO3 ceramics. Special attention was focused on the time component and the reversibility of the permittivity–stress dependence. The results were interpreted according to the samples' polar and symmetry states and the ferroelasticity. The time dependence and irreversible changes of the dielectric properties were connected with the domain structure of the materials, which is modified under the applied stress. The irreversible changes observed in the macroscopically nonferroelectric compositions were related to the ferroelastic properties. The stress sensitivity increased with the addition of NaTaO3 from 3% in pure Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 to 14% in the sample with 15 mol% of NaTaO3 (at 200 MPa and 1 MHz). The reversibility was improved by mechanical modification of the samples' domain state, while the dielectric response remained time dependent.

Spherical scratch tests were conducted in individual grains of a randomly oriented polycrystalline body-centered-cubic (bcc) Ti–Nb alloy. For each grain, scratch tests were conducted at four different levels of normal load, which resulted in varying amounts of plastic strain during indentation. The results show a dependence of the horizontal load component on the crystallographic orientation and on the amount of plastic strain. The component of the horizontal force that resulted from plastic deformation was found to correlate with the active slip systems for the particular grain orientation.

PtPd@Pt core-shell ultrathin nanowires were prepared using a one-step phase-transfer approach. The diameters of the nanowires range from 2 to 3 nm, and their lengths are up to hundreds of nanometers. Line scanning electron energy loss spectra showed that PtPd bimetallic nanowires have a core-shell structure, with a PtPd alloy core and a Pt monolayer shell. X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra reveal that a strong Pt-Pd interaction exists in this nanowire system in that there is PtPd alloying and/or interfacial interaction. Extended x-ray absorption fine structures (EXAFS) further confirms the PtPd@Pt core-shell structure. The bimetallic nanowires were determined to be face-centered cubic structures. The long-chain organic molecules of n-dodecyl trimethylammonium bromide and octadecylamine, used as surfactants during synthesis, were clearly observed using aberration-corrected TEM operated at 80 KV. The interaction of Pt and surfactants was also revealed by EXAFS.

This article reports on low (below 800 °C) melting temperature characteristics of a Zr-Ti-Ni-Cu alloy system, designed by adding a small amount of Cu to a Zr-Ti-Ni eutectic alloy system in the Zr-rich corner of the Zr-Ti-Ni system. A series of Zr-Ti-Ni-Cu-based alloy buttons of varying Cu content was fabricated by an arc melting machine. The melting temperature ranges of the quaternary alloys were systematically examined by differential thermal analysis (DTA). As a result, a quaternary eutectic alloy of composition Zr54Ti22Ni16Cu8 with a low melting temperature range from 774 °C to 783 °C was found. In addition, structural and chemical analysis results for the slowly solidified, quaternary eutectic alloy sample revealed equivalent quaternary eutectic structure and phases to those of the ternary eutectic Zr50Ti26Ni24 alloy, except for a small amount of Cu dissolved in individual constituent phases. The wetting angle tested at 800 °C for 60 s on the commercially pure titanium was about 25°.

Carbon nanofiber-supported Pt–Pd alloy composites were prepared by co-electrodepositing Pt–Pd alloy nanoparticles directly onto electrospun carbon nanofibers. The morphology and size of Pt–Pd alloy nanoparticles were controlled by the surface treatment of carbon nanofibers and the electrodeposition duration time. Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM)/(EDS) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to study the composition of Pt–Pd alloy on the composites, and the co-electrodeposition mechanism of Pt–Pd alloy was investigated. The resultant Pt–Pd/carbon nanofiber composites were characterized by running cyclic voltammograms in oxygen-saturated 0.1 M HClO4 at 25 °C to study their electrocatalytic ability to reduce oxygen. Results show that Pt–Pd/carbon nanofiber composites possess good performance in the electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen. Among all Pt–Pd/carbon nanofibers prepared, the nanofiber composite with a Pt–Pd loading of 0.90 mg/cm2 has the highest electrocatalytic activity by catalyst mass.

In this study, Ti-based metallic glass matrix composites with high plasticity have been developed by controlling characteristic and volume fraction of primary phase embedded in the glass matrix. By careful alloy design procedure, the compositions of β/glass phases, which are in metastable equilibrium have been properly selected, therefore the mechanical properties can be tailored by selecting the alloy compositions between the composition of β and glass phases. The relation between the compressive yield strength and volume fraction of β phase is well described using the rule of mixtures.

Hierarchical and hollow SnS2 nanostructures as precursors were fabricated via a surfactant-assisted assembly process using sodium dodecyl sulfate as soft templates. The as-prepared SnS2 nanostructures were further oxidized to form porous SnO2 conversion for investigating their gas-sensing properties in drug-precursor detection. On the basis of a series of time- and ratio-dependent reactions, a formation mechanism of the special nanostructures and factors influencing morphology and structure were determined. Gas-sensing measurements revealed that the porous and hierarchical SnO2 hollow nanostructures were sensitive to drug precursors, indicating promising applications in environmental monitoring and public safety investigation. In addition, we found that the assembled SnO2 nanomaterials possessed significantly enhanced gas-sensing properties compared with unassembled SnO2 with a solid interior.

The early stages of surface oxidation of biaxially textured Ni–W tapes were studied using thermodynamic calculations along with experimental tape oxidation at low P(O2). Tape phase and chemical composition, surface morphology, and roughness were examined using x-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX), secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). For a Ni0.95W0.05 alloy tape, the precise position of the tape oxidation line in P(O2)–T coordinates was established. This line includes a break at T ≈ 650 °C that originates from the change of the W oxidation mechanism from internal oxidation to oxidation on a free surface accompanied by segregation of the alloy components in the tape near-surface region. The surface roughness of a polished tape increased drastically during internal oxidation of W; further tape oxidation did not affect the integral roughness parameters, but introduced numerous small (˜;100 nm) features on the tape surface comprising NiO precipitates.

Capacitive energy storage mechanisms in nanoporous carbon supercapacitors hinge on endohedral interactions in carbon materials with macro-, meso-, and micropores that have negative surface curvature. In this article, we show that because of the positive curvature found in zero-dimensional carbon onions or one-dimensional carbon nanotube arrays, exohedral interactions cause the normalized capacitance to increase with decreasing particle size or tube diameter, in sharp contrast to the behavior of nanoporous carbon materials. This finding is in good agreement with the trend of recent experimental data. Our analysis suggests that electrical energy storage can be improved by exploiting the highly curved surfaces of carbon nanotube arrays with diameters on the order of 1 nm.

Polymer gels have potential use for a wide variety of applications, primarily due to the ability to tailor the gel properties by varying several material parameters. While substantial attention has focused on water-based hydrogels, the use of these materials is limited due to a narrow operational temperature range. This report describes a nonaqueous polymer gel, composed of a cross-linked polybutadiene network swollen with low volatility polymer plasticizers. Thermal, mechanical, and adhesive characterization illustrated that the gels exhibit performance over an extremely broad temperature range (−60–70 °C). Solvent quality and loading played a critical role in the operational temperature window with small solvent solubility parameter deviations dramatically reducing the operational temperature range. In addition, the processing conditions had a large impact on the gel mechanical properties. As a result, it is important to consider the influence of processing conditions and solvent quality when tailoring polymer gels for practical applications.

Mg-based metallic glass interpenetrating phase composites (IPCs) containing 30–70 vol% titanium was fabricated in this study. The effects of reinforced phase volume fraction and interspace on the mechanical properties were investigated systematically. With increasing the volume fraction of titanium, the fracture strength and strain increased up to 1860 MPa and 44%, respectively. The results showed that the critical volume fraction (around 40%) of Ti metal should be required for significantly improving plasticity of IPC. Decreasing the interspace of the titanium phase could lead to enhancement of yield and fracture strength. The deformation behavior and strengthening mechanisms were discussed in detail.

We fabricated a nanostructured brush by carrying out Ni deposition on a through-channel anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template, followed by removal of the AAO skeleton. The AAO was prepared by a two-step anodization process resulting in pore diameter and thickness of 350 nm and 40 μm, respectively. Subsequently, the AAO underwent an electroless deposition involving sensitization, activation, and Ni plating, in conjunction with polyethylene glycol used as the inhibitor to prevent premature closing of pore opening. After deliberate control in relevant parameters, we obtained a conformal Ni overcoat along every pore channel leading to a reduced average pore diameter of 78 nm. Afterward, the sample was immersed in a KOH solution to remove the AAO structure, forming freestanding Ni tubules in a brush configuration. The nanostructured brush revealed considerable enhancement for hydrogen evolution reaction in both current-potential polarization and galvanostatic measurements, which were attributed to the increment in apparent surface area.

To eliminate the Bi segregation and interfacial embrittlement of the SnBi/Cu joints, we deliberately added some Ag or Zn elements into the Cu substrate. Then, the reliability of the SnBi/Cu–X (X = Ag or Zn) solder joints was evaluated by investigating their interfacial reactions, tensile property, and fatigue life compared with those of the SnBi/Cu and SnAg/Cu joints. The experimental results demonstrate that even after aging for a long time, the addition of the Ag or Zn elements into the Cu substrate can effectively eliminate the interfacial Bi embrittlement of the SnBi/Cu–X joints under tensile or fatigue loadings. Compared with the conventional SnAg/Cu joints, the SnBi/Cu–X joints exhibit higher adhesive strength and comparable fatigue resistance. Finally, the fatigue and fracture mechanisms of the SnBi/Cu–X solder joints were discussed qualitatively. The current findings may pave the new way for the Sn–Bi solder widely used in the electronic interconnection in the future.

The influence of BaCu(B2O5) (BCB) addition on the sintering temperature and microwave dielectric properties of Ba5Nb4O15 ceramics has been investigated. The addition of small amount of BCB can effectively lower the sintering temperature of Ba5Nb4O15 ceramics from 1400 to 875 °C and induce no obvious degradation of the microwave dielectric properties. The reduced sintering temperature was attributed to the BCB liquid phase. Typically, the 1.5 wt% BCB-added Ba5Nb4O15 ceramic sintered at 875 °C for 2 h exhibited good microwave dielectric properties of Q × f = 28,655 GHz, εr = 40.2, and τf = 60 ppm/°C. The dielectric ceramic demonstrated stability against the reaction with the Ag electrode, which suggests that the ceramics could be applied in multilayer microwave devices requiring low sintering temperatures.

Glassy carbon plates were thermochemically gas phase oxidized to obtain monolithic sandwichlike electrode assemblies with high surface area porous films for electrochemical energy storage applications. Film thicknesses were varied by variation of oxidation parameters time, temperature, and oxygen concentration and measured with electron microscopy. The mass density of the porous carbon film material was estimated by fitting a geometrical model to experimental gravimetric data. Optical Raman spectroscopy line scans suggest that the porosity has a gradient between the surface and the film/bulk interface, which is supported by pore-size distribution data obtained from small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) on slightly oxidized and fully oxidized samples. Detailed inspection of the power law behavior of SAXS data suggests that the internal surface area of well-oxidized glassy carbon (GC) is compact and extends over the entire probed volume and thus has optimal pore connectivity. This effect goes along with pore enlargement and a relative decrease of internal surface area per volume. Slightly oxidized carbon has no pore space with a compact, high connectivity internal surface area. The corresponding SAXS power law and the x-ray density suggest that this high volumetric surface area must be interpreted as a result of surface roughness, rather than true geometric or volumetric surface area. In consequence, is this surface area of limited use for electrochemical energy storage?

Photocatalytic deposition of Ag nanoparticles from a mixed aqueous solution of AgNO3 and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) onto TiO2 film supported on indium-tin oxide-coated glass slide (Ag/TiO2 film) was carried out by using UV light irradiation. The size and shape of the Ag nanoparticles were controlled by the addition of PVP during the photodeposition. In the optical absorption spectra of the Ag/TiO2 film, the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) absorption of the Ag nanoparticles was observed. When the film was immersed in various kinds of alcohols with the refractive index at 20°C (), ranging between 1.3292 and 1.4103, the peak LSPR absorption was shifted to longer wavelengths and the peak absorbance increased with increasing . The spectral change of the Ag/TiO2 film with larger spherical Ag nanoparticles was more prominent than that with smaller ones.

Precise calibration of the indenter shape is an important procedure in nanoindentation analysis since the indenter geometry enters directly into the most common methods of data analysis in this type of testing. Not only is the geometry required to be known with some precision, but also the sharpness of the tip, especially in the case of pyramidal indenters, is important for the use of indenters for testing hardness in thin film specimens—the most common application of nanoindentation. In this paper, a method of determining the area function and tip radius for a Berkovich indenter is described. It is shown that the tip radius estimated from the area function data is in reasonable agreement with a direct measurement using a calibrated atomic force microscope. It is shown that subjective decisions about tip radius may lead to unjustified rejection of a tip for hardness measurement. A new criterion for tip quality is presented in terms of tip radius and specimen material properties.

Particle-containing silica sol was synthesized by co-hydrolysis and co-condensation of two silane precursors, tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and an organic silane composed of a non-hydrolyzable functional group (e.g., alkyl, fluorinated alkyl, and phenyl), and used to produce superhydrophobic coatings on fabrics. It has been revealed that the non-hydrolyzable functional groups in the organic silanes have a considerable influence on the fabric surface wettability. When the functional group was long chain alkyl (C16), phenyl, or fluorinated alkyl (C8), the treated surfaces were highly superhydrophobic with a water contact angle (CA) greater than 170°, and the CA value was little affected by the fabric type. The washing durability of the superhydrophobic coating was improved by introducing the third silane containing epoxide group, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS), for synthesis. Although the presence of epoxide groups in the coating slightly reduced the fabrics' superhydrophobicity, the washing durability was considerably improved when polyester and cotton fabrics were used as substrates.