Introduction. Pérola, the most important cultivar in Brazil and almost unknown in other countries, and Smooth Cayenne, the most grown cultivar in the world, belong to different pineapple groups with distinct botanical, morphological and agronomic characteristics. The principal characteristics and behavior of the cv. Pérola pineapple were analyzed, in comparison with the cv. Smooth Cayenne ones. Materials and methods. A comparison between Pérola and Smooth Cayenne was done, based upon results and observations made in studies carried out by Embrapa in Brazil, during the past 20 years. Results and discussion. The cv. Pérola plant usually has a smaller stem than the cv. Smooth Cayenne with a lower number of roots and leaves, but the `D' leaves are longer, wider and more erect. The peduncle is longer, holding a narrower, longer, cone-shaped fruit, with a whitish, less fibrous flesh and edible central core, lower acidity and higher [(total soluble solids) / (titrable acidity)] ratio and juice content. The cv. Pérola is more sensitive than the cv. Smooth Cayenne to natural and artificial flowering induction, but it is less susceptible to the wilt disease transmitted by mealy bugs and to the stem borer (Castnia icarus). Cv. Pérola produces many slips, but suckers appear later, are less uniform and less well-fixed to the mother plants, making it more difficult to get a good first ratoon crop. Conclusions. The yield potential of the cv. Pérola is lower than that of the cv. Smooth Cayenne, due to a lighter fruit and usually lower planting density used. Its production costs are also lower, especially due to cheaper planting materials and a lower number of pesticide applications. The overall performance of the cv. Pérola plants and fruits explains the wide use of this variety in Brazil and its potential use in other countries.

Introduction.Detarium microcarpum est l'une des espèces fruitières locales les plus exploitées au Burkina Faso. Les mécanismes de sa régénération naturelle qui devraient orienter sa sylviculture restent cependant mal connus. Le travail présenté a été entrepris dans la forêt classée de Nazinon pour étudier les mécanismes d'installation et de développement de sa population. Matériel et méthodes. Un suivi diachronique de l'écophysiologie de la germination in situ des semences et de la structure des populations de D. microcarpum a été effectué sur trois types de sols caractéristiques de la région. Ce travail a été complété par une étude de la morphologie racinaire des plants. Par ailleurs, l'influence sur la régénération végétative des paramètres diamètres et hauteurs de la souche laissée au moment de la coupe a été évaluée. Résultats. Le fonctionnement des populations de D. microcarpum a permis de distinguer quatre stades de développement. L'espèce se régénère naturellement à la fois par graine et par voie végétative. Les jeunes plantules sont géophytes en saison sèche et survivent grâce à un pivot tubérisé. Un semis direct après la coupe n'est pas nécessaire parce que l'arbre produit de nombreuses graines aptes à développer une "banque de semis végétatifs " dans le sol et les souches ont une haute capacité de régénération végétative. La coupe de tiges de faible diamètre, effectuée à une hauteur élevée, permet la formation de davantage de rejets au-dessus du sol, mais le morceau de tronc restant peut favoriser la propagation du feu du tronc vers les rejets. En revanche, la coupe de tiges de fort diamètre au ras le sol garantit la formation d'un nombre maximal de drageons et de rejets issus du collet qui échappent facilement aux feux. Conclusion. La coupe au ras du sol est la meilleure méthode d'exploitation des populations de D. microcarpum ; elle doit donc être conseillée. Toutefois, certaines études complémentaires restent à faire pour mieux comprendre la régénération de l'espèce.

Introduction. This protocol aims at (i) analysing the nature of host-parasite interactions (resistance or susceptibility), and (ii) studying the variability of the pathogenicity of different pathogen populations (intra/inter-specific) with regard to both virulence and aggressiveness using artificial inoculation with Mycosphaerella fijiensis or Mycosphaerella musicola on plants and banana leaf pieces. The principle, key advantages, starting plant material and time required for the method are presented. Materials and methods. Laboratory materials required and details of the sixteen steps of the protocol (conidial inoculum preparation, artificial inoculation on banana plants and artificial inoculation on banana leaf pieces) are described. Possible troubleshooting is discussed. Results. Typical symptoms of the different diseases are obtained after artificial inoculation.

Introduction. Physalis minima is a widespread, quick-growing and high fruit-yielding annual herb belonging to the family Solanaceae. However, like many other underutilized fruit-bearing plants, P. minima is poorly studied and its nutritional potential is unknown. Since the edible sunberry is said to be a rich source of vitamin C, we studied the physiochemical changes during its fruit growth and ripening. Materials and methods. The changes in the physiochemical properties, such as pH, total soluble solids, titrable acidity, chlorophylls, carotenoids, carbohydrates (reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, total sugars and starch), free amino acids, total proteins, total phenols, ascorbic acid, ethylene, and respiration and the activities of hydrolytic enzymes (amylase and invertase), antioxidant enzymes (catalase and peroxidase), and cell wall-degrading enzymes (cellulase, polygalacturonase and pectinmethylesterase), were analyzed in the fruit of sunberry at five sequential stages, viz., the young, premature, mature, preripe and ripe stages. Results and discussion. A gradual increase in the pH and total soluble solids occurred throughout the growth and ripening of sunberry fruit, while its titrable acidity increased up to the preripe stage and thereafter declined. A decreasing trend in the chlorophylls occurred simultaneously with an increase in the quantity of carotenoids. As the sunberry fruit proceeded towards ripening, the amount of its total starch decreased, with a concomitant sharp increase in the quantity of its reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars and total sugars. An increase in the quantity of free amino acids, proteins and phenols also occurred during the growth and ripening of the fruit, and the quantity of ascorbic acid increased at the mature stage. Moreover, sunberry fruit also exhibits a climacteric behavior with increased ethylene production and rate of respiration. The specific activity of amylase increased throughout the growth period of sunberry, but that of invertase decreased after maturity until ripening. The catalase and peroxidase enzymes showed higher activity, indicating better radical scavenger properties, while cellulase, polygalacturonase and pectinmethylesterase tended to remain at lower levels. Conclusion. The fruit of P. minima are nutritive and a rich source of sugars, starch, free amino acids, proteins, total phenols and ascorbic acid. They are metabolically active, showing a high specific activity of hydrolyzing and antioxidant enzymes, while the activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes is relatively low, indicating a better postharvest storage life.

Introduction. L’identification des composés d’arôme des dattes permet d’apprécier leur qualité organoleptique ; elle revêt en outre un intérêt technologique en guidant les industriels dans certains processus de transformation du fruit et de production d’extraits d’arômes à partir des variétés de faible qualité, augmentant ainsi leur valeur marchande. Notre étude a eu pour objectif d’identifier des composés volatils responsables de l'arôme de huit variétés de dattes marocaines. Une classification statistique des variétés étudiées, basée sur leurs profils aromatiques, et une comparaison avec les résultats de travaux antérieurs effectués sur les composés d’arôme des dattes ont été également réalisées. Matériel et méthodes. Les composés volatils ont été analysés par la technique de piégeage dynamique de l’espace de tête et par désorption au micro-onde, puis ils ont été conjointement identifiés par chromatographie en phase gazeuse-spectrométrie de masse. L’étude statistique des données a été réalisée par analyse factorielle des correspondances et par classification hiérarchique ascendante. Résultats et discussion. Quarante-sept composés ont été identifiés dont vingt-trois non identifiés auparavant dans la datte. Cinq composés : la 2,3-pentanedione, le 2-méthyl-butanal, l’hexanal, le n-pentanol et le limonène se sont révélés être communs à toutes les variétés, tandis que certains composés ont été caractéristiques d’une variété particulière. La variété ‘Aziza’ s’est distinguée par la présence de cyclobutanol, de p-cymène et de 1,3-diméthyl-benzène. Le cyclopentadécadièn-1-one, l’éthanol et le géraniol ont été identifiés respectivement dans les variétés ‘Najda’, ‘Mejhoul’ et ‘Boufeggous’. En revanche, les variétés ‘Bouskri’ et ‘Iklane’ ont présenté une grande similarité de leurs profils aromatiques. Conclusion. Des différences de profils aromatiques entre les huit variétés étudiées ont été mises en évidence et des composés volatils « spécifiques » ont pu être identifiés.

Introduction. In Mali, mango annual production is estimated at 100 000 t. Because of structural and plant sanitary problems mainly related to the actions of fruit fly, seldom more than 1% of this production is exported. The principal aim of this study was to develop an integrated control of the Tephritidae using spot treatments. One of the preconditions was to identify the species responsible for the damage in the three principal Mali production zones (Sikasso, Bougouni and Bamako). Materials and methods. Mangos belonging to the principal exported varieties were collected from the beginning of April up to the beginning of October 2000 and were observed to identify the Tephritidae species present in the fruits. The installation of sex attractant or of foodstuff attractant traps allowed us to follow the evolution and constitution of the fruit fly population in the orchards of the three selected sites. The effectiveness of a spot treatment to control Ceratitis sp. was tested. Results and discussion. Starting from adult observations and determination, six species of Tephritidae were identified. Among them, Ceratitis cosyra (Walker), C. quinaria (Bezzi) and C. silvestrii Bezzi were earliest and are thus most prejudicial. C. cosyra represented 86% of the total recovered flies. The species C. anonae, C. quinaria, C. fasciventris and C. ditissima were identified for the first time in Mali. The damage due to Tephritidae in the middle of the harvest period bordered on 50% of the crop for the varieties Kent and Keitt and exceeded 60% for that of Brooks. The 180 traps installed on the three studied sites allowed us to capture 128 998 Tephritidae adults belonging to thirteen species; the six species linked to the mango tree represented 99% of this total. The spot treatments carried out on the three experimental sites gave encouraging results, with a reduction in damage of approximately 50% in the treated orchards compared with the control orchards. Conclusions. To prolong the action undertaken, it will be interesting to confirm and look for further results obtained during the years to come. The installation of a regional project for controlling mango tree Tephritidae in West Africa would be fundamental in the medium term to limit such an insect pest which itself prevails on the sub-region scale.

Introduction. Several studies have demonstrated that foodprocessing affects nutrients such as bioactive compounds, protein, starch, fat, fiber,minerals and antioxidant capacity. Our study examined how heat changes the physicochemicalcomposition and antioxidant capacity of peach-palm fruit (Bactrisgasipaes H.B.K.) during flour production. Materials and methods.Five commercial batches of fruit were assessed for total contents of phenolic compoundsand carotenoids, and hydrophilic oxygen radical absorbance capacity (H-ORAC). The fruitwas then cooked and eventually processed into flour. Results and discussion.No significant changes were found for contents of fat, protein, starch and dietary fiberduring flour production. Cooked peach-palm fruit is a source of Mg, Mn, Cu and K, with100 g of fruit containing between 5% and 13.5% of the recommended daily intake. Cookingalso increased carotenoids by 17%, thus helping to compensate for the 28% loss duringdrying. No stage of processing affected polyphenol contents or H-ORAC.Conclusion. Because of its high bioactive compound content, peach-palmflour shows potential for use in the development of functional foods.

Introduction. There is a growing demand in the international market for excellent-quality dates of cultivars such as ‘Barhee’ that are consumed at the bisir stage. Materials and methods. The effects of GA3, BA and NAA postharvest dipping treatments at different concentrations on the quality characteristics of bisir ‘Barhee’ dates during cold storage were investigated. Results and discussion. The total soluble solids (TSS) concentration was lower in the BA- and NAA-treated fruit than in control fruit. Similarly, the GA3-treated fruit at 150 mg·L-1 contained a lower TSS concentration than control fruit. The GA3 at 150 mg·L-1, BA at 60 mg·L-1 and NAA at (100 and 150) mg·L-1 increased vitamin C concentration compared with other treatments. Acidity and total phenol concentrations were not affected by any of the treatments. The date soluble tannin concentration was higher than control fruit only in the dates treated with 20 mg BA·L-1. The weight loss % was lower in the BA-treated fruit at (20 and 60) mg·L-1 compared with all other treatments, while GA3 treatment at 50 mg·L-1 increased fruit weight loss % compared with control fruit. The percentage of dates at the rutab stage (index for fruit ripening) was lower for fruit treated with GA3than for control fruit. Also, the rutab stage % was lower for fruit treated with BA at 40 mg·L-1 and NAA at 150 mg·L-1 compared with control fruit. The TSS concentration decreased during storage from the initial day to day 20. However, there were no further decreases in the TSS concentration after (40 and 60) days of storage. The acidity concentration was slightly increased during storage. The vitamin C concentration increased until 40 days of storage, then a slight decrease occurred. The total phenol concentration decreased after (40 and 60) days of storage compared with the initial level. The soluble tannin concentration slightly increased at day 20 but sharply decreased after (40 and 60) days of storage compared with the initial level. Both weight loss and rutab stage % gradually increased during storage. There were significant interaction effects between growth regulators and storage period on TSS, vitamin C concentration, weight loss and rutab stage %.

Introduction. Carotenoids havebeen described as possessing several important functional propertiesand health benefits. These properties make these compounds idealfor the always increasing functional food industry as well as forpromoting the consumption of the natural products in which theyare contained. Here, we report the first characterisation of thenon-saponified carotenoid composition in fresh peach fruits and commercialpeach juice and jam. Materials and methods. Fully matureyellow-fleshed peach fruits produced in Sicily were purchased ata local market; they were peeled and the pulp was analysed. Commercialpeach juice and commercial peach jam from three different knownmanufacturers were also purchased at the local market. Both thejuice and jam analysed were produced by local manufacturers fromthe same kind of fresh fruit studied in this work. After carotenoid extractionwith organic solvents, the samples were analysed by a direct HPLC-DAD-APCI-MSmethodology. Results and discussion. Three free carotenoids(zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene) and three monoestersof β-cryptoxanthin were identified and detected in all the samplesanalysed. Interestingly, the carotenoid profile remained the same inall the samples, and it was not affected by the peach processingoccurring during the production of the peach juice and jam. Moreover,small differences were observed in the relative contents of the identifiedcomponents among the samples investigated.

Introduction.Zizyphus mauritiana Lam. est un arbre fruitier sauvage très commun en Afrique sahélienne. Ses fruits, les jujubes, sont traditionnellement exploités par cueillette dans les peuplements naturels et représentent une source de revenu importante pour de nombreuses familles rurales. Ils sont consommés frais ou secs. Au Sénégal, un programme d'introduction de variétés de jujubiers améliorés d'origine indienne est en cours depuis plusieurs années. L'objectif des travaux présentés a été de comparer la première variété introduite (Gola) avec deux lots de jujubes locaux. Matériel et méthodes. La comparaison entre différentes origines a porté sur les caractéristiques biométriques des fruits et sur les teneurs de la portion comestible en divers composés organiques et en éléments minéraux. L'étude a été complétée par une enquête gustative auprès de consommateurs. Résultats et discussion. La portion comestible des fruits frais de Gola est environ vingt fois plus importante (en poids et volume) que celle des jujubes locaux. La pulpe des Gola est plus riche en eau et moins concentrée en éléments organiques (sucres, protéines) et minéraux (calcium, magnésium). Cependant, après séchage, les teneurs ne sont plus significativement différentes, si ce n'est celles des protéines et de quelques éléments minéraux dont la richesse chez Gola diminue très nettement pendant le séchage. Les fruits de Gola séchés, très parfumés, ont été les plus appréciés par la population sénégalaise. Conclusion. Quelle que soit leur origine, les jujubes sont riches en sucres, en vitamines C, en calcium et en fer. Ces fruits représentent un apport nutritionnel important pour les populations des régions arides. La variété Gola répond bien au goût du consommateur sénégalais. Sa diffusion en zone sahélienne peut donc être envisagée sous réserve d'avoir levé au préalable les contraintes techniques liées à la production des plants et d'avoir vérifié la rentabilité économique de cette nouvelle culture.

Introduction. Elaeagnus latifolia Linn. is a type of wild edible fruit found in northeast India, Thailand and also in Vietnam. Although the fruit is reported to be a source of vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids and other bioactive compounds, only a few studies have been concerned with the antioxidant activity of this plant. Materials and methods. Our study revealed in vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of 70% methanolic extract of Elaeagnus latifolia Linn. (ELME). Various tests including identification and quantification of phytochemicals, total antioxidant activity, hydroxyl radical, superoxide radical, singlet oxygen, hypochlorous acid scavenging, reducing power and DNA protection assays were performed. Results and discussion. Among the tests, ELME scavenged superoxide radical [IC50 = (150.78 ± 4.2) μg×mL–1], hydroxyl radical [IC50 = (238.09 ± 11.63) μg×mL–1] and protected pUC18 DNA [P50 = (695.91 ± 15.84) μg×mL–1]; P50 signifies the concentration for 50% protection . The fruit is found to be a source of minute amounts of carbohydrates, ascorbic acid, tannins, phenolics and flavonoids. HPLC data showed that purpurin, tannic acid, quercetin, catechin, reserpine and rutin are present in ELME. Conclusion. Our results provide evidence that 70% methanol extract of E. latifolia Linn. acts as a promising antioxidant as well as DNA protector, which is partly due to the phenolic and flavonoid compounds present in it.

Introduction. In Southern Cameroon, bananas and plantains (Musa) play an important role in the population’s diet. There are many food uses of these crops relative to the eating habits of consumers. Our study was carried out in order to list the varieties of bananas and plantains mostly used by housewives and restaurant dealers and to describe the various culinary preparations used for their transformation. Methods. The processing and culinary methods of bananas and plantains, including the estimation as well as the measurement of the quantities of ingredients used, and the traditional utilisations of these foodstuffs, were investigated in two Cameroonian towns (Bafoussam and Yaoundé). Results. Some culinary preparations using different varieties are common in Southern Cameroon such as roasted or fried plantain, plantain chips, boiled plantain or banana and pounded plantain. They are eaten with various sauces, vegetables and other food complements. Other preparations found in these regions include stuffed plantain or banana, plantain or banana porridges and traditional recipes called kondre and malaxé. Preparation of chips, fried and roasted plantain are mainly carried out by women and young boys on the streets in an effort to diversify sources of income. These various transformation and uses of bananas and plantains contribute to the reduction of post–harvest losses as well as the valorisation of these perishable food stuffs. Conclusion. The evaluation of their nutrient composition (macro- and micronutrients) as well as the effects of culinary preparations and the bio-availability of those nutrients are being conducted at the CARBAP Post–Harvest Technology Laboratory in order to appreciate their contribution in the fight against malnutrition in some regions of Cameroon.

Introduction. Vegetative and fruit growth in fruit trees are differentially sensitive to water deficit during the season depending on the stage of fruit growth. Attempts have been made to evaluate the possibilities of using regulated deficit irrigation to control vegetative growth and save water in the fruit industry. Materials and methods. Effects of water stress (WS) and crop load (CL) on fruit growth and carbon assimilation rates were evaluated in a 7-year-old ‘Elegant Lady’ peach orchard. A completely randomized block design with 2 × 3 factors [irrigation with two levels (control and WS) and CL with three levels (light, commercial and heavy)] was used. Results and discussion. Both WS and CL affected fruit growth during the last stages but not early on. CL did not affect trunk water potential which was, however, significantly reduced by WS throughout the day and the season. Trunk water potential of water-stressed trees was lower than that of control trees throughout the day and the season regardless of CL. The magnitude of WS increased as the season progressed. Stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and CO2 assimilation rate were not affected by CL but were reduced by WS. The trees responded (acclimated) to stress by progressively reducing their transpiration rate as the severity of stress increased. For each irrigation regime, assimilation rates were similar for all three crop levels. This indicated the existence of alternate sinks for assimilates when CL was low, which compensate for the reduction of fruit sink activity resulting from fruit thinning. Conclusion. Water deficit reduced trunk water potential, stomatal conductance, transpiration and photosynthesis in ‘Elegant Lady’ peach trees. However, CL had a limited effect on these functions. There were good correlations between trunk water potential and either stomatal conductance or assimilation rate in water-stressed trees but not in control trees. This indicates a poor coordination between leaf functions in peach trees under optimal conditions. However, these relationships were stronger under WS conditions. Thus, water use efficiency appeared to increase under water deficit conditions.

Introduction. Pescabivona is the name of an autochthonous peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batch] population of the central west of Sicily. In a previous work, this fruit was submitted to chemical analysis, while in this paper, sensory evaluation is considered. Materials and methods. Samples of four Pescabivona landraces were harvested throughout the harvest season. A trained panel outlined the sensory profiles and the data were processed by ANOVA and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). A correlation between sensory analysis and instrumental data was finally carried out. Results and discussion. The results demonstrated a high standard of quality for the four landraces studied, with some differences in aroma intensity and in some other parameters, with sweetness and aroma being highly correlated with overall liking. PCA did not clearly separate the different landraces as they have the same origin. Some correlations between sensory analysis and instrumental data were verified. The sensory liking was correlated with the main ripeness parameters, as well as with the pulp firmness. Conclusion. The data obtained contribute to outlining a complete fruit profile for product comparison and shelf-life monitoring. As previously verified for chemical parameters, the sensory evaluation indicates a substantial similarity among the landraces. The good agreement between sensory evaluation and composition makes sensory analysis a precious tool to assess quality of Pescabivona landraces.

Introduction. Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme(ACE) is a key component in regulation of blood pressure by virtue ofthe rennin-angiotensin system. ACE converts the inactive decapeptide,angiotensin I, into the potent vasopressor octapeptide, angiotensinII, and inactivates bradykinin, which has a vasodilating action. So,inhibition of ACE has become a major target in control ofhypertension. It is well known that the consumption of fruits couldprovide health benefits by lowering the risk of chronic diseases suchas metabolic syndrome diseases including type 2 diabetes andcardiovascular disease. Our current study was focused on investigatingthe ACE inhibitory property of a few underutilized minor fruits ofWest Bengal using an in vitro assay. Materialsand methods. The potential antihypertensive activity ofunderutilized indigenous edible fruits of West Bengal, India, wasevaluated by their ability to inhibit Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme(ACE). The ACE inhibitory property was assayed using ACE from rabbitlung and hippuryl-histidyl-leucine as the substrate. Nineteen fruitspecies belonging to 15 families were investigated. The percentage ACEinhibitory activities of these fruits were studied at 20 µg freshweight of fruit extract per mL. The total phenol content of all thesefruits was determined following the standard Folin-Ciocalteu method.Total flavonoid content was also measured. Results. Theaqueous fruit extracts of the red variety of Trapabispinosa, Phoenix sylvestris,Cicca acida, Achras sapota andAverrhoa carambola presented more than 75% ACEinhibition. On the other hand, Punica granatum,Spondias pinnata, Trapabispinosa (green) and Ziziphus mauritianashowed about 50% inhibition. Aeglemarmelos, Annona squamosa, Annona reticulata,Feronia elephantum, Physalis peruviana andSyzygium jambos showed low activity (< 50%inhibition). Discussions. To date there has been noreport on Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme inhibitory activities ofthese underutilized minor fruits of West Bengal, India. During ourstudy no correlation could be established between the % ACE inhibitionand the total phenol or flavonoid content of these fruit extracts. So,it appears that non-phenolic components may also be responsible forACE inhibitory activity. In our investigation we tried to establishthe fact that the consumption of these underutilized minor fruitsmight have potential in managing cardiovascular diseases.

Introduction. Dabai (Canarium odontophyllum Miq.) fruit is an underutilized fruit found in Borneo, Palawan and Sumatra. To our knowledge, no literature exists about the postharvest quality characteristics of dabai fruit. Furthermore, it is a unique fruit whereby the fruit is served by steeping at about 60 °C for 15–20 min to soften the flesh. Therefore, a preliminary study was conducted to determine the physicochemical characteristics of dabai fruit before and after steeping. Materials and methods. Physicochemical characteristics (skin color, size, shape, weight, mesocarp thickness, firmness, soluble solids concentration, pH, titratable acidity, organic acids, respiration production rate and ethylene concentration) of dabai fruit were determined before and after steeping in hot water at 60 °C for 15 min. Results. The color of mature dabai fruit is dark purplish with very low chromaticity. The fruit is oval-shaped with a length to diameter ratio of 1.40. The seed contributes 61% of the fruit weight. After treating fresh dabai fruit with 10 mL·L-1 ethylene at 20 °C, the respiration production rate decreased while ethylene concentration increased. After steeping dabai fruit at 60 °C for 15 min, the flesh firmness decreased while soluble solids concentration increased tremendously. After steeping, the pH of fruit decreased and titratable acidity increased, as did the citric, malic and succinic acids of dabai fruit, especially citric acid. Conclusion. Steeping softens dabai fruit flesh and makes it palatable, with high soluble solids concentration and organic acids. The high respiration production rate means that dabai fruit has a short shelf life under non-cold chain handling practices.

Introduction. Fruit ripening is the process resulting in changes in color, taste and texture, which make the fruit acceptable for consumption. Since a wide spectrum of physiological, biochemical and organoleptic changes are involved in the development of a soft, edible, ripe fruit, we studied theses changes in an underutilized fruit, khirni [Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard]. Materials and methods. The changes in biochemical composition, which includes chlorophylls, carotenoids, anthocyanins, sugars, starch, free amino acids, phenols and proteins, and the specific activity of enzymes such as amylase, invertase, catalase, peroxidase, pectinmethylesterase, polygalacturanase and cellulase were analyzed in the fruit of Manilkara hexandra at five sequential developmental stages (young, premature, mature, preripened and ripened fruit stages). Results and discussion. The pulp of khirni fruit tastes sour during its growth period, but turns sweet when it ripens. A decreasing trend in chlorophylls occurs simultaneously with an increase in the quantity of total carotenoids and anthocyanins. Further, an increase in the quantity of sugars, proteins and phenols occurs towards the ripened stage, but starch and total free amino acids show a decrease in their quantities. Also, khirni fruit exhibits climacteric behavior with its increased rate of respiration and ethylene production. The moderate to significant changes in the activity of enzymes such as amylase, invertase, catalase and peroxidase involved in a number of catabolic and anabolic reactions indicate that these enzymes also have an active role in the process of khirni fruit growth and ripening.

Introduction. Generally, in Iran, citrus cultivars are grafted on Sour orange rootstocks. However, susceptibility of this rootstock to tristeza (CTV) has required a research program to replace Sour orange trees with other rootstocks. Materials and methods. Yield performance and fruit quality of Ruby Red and Marsh grapefruits were assessed for 5 years (1999 to 2003) in the Agricultural Research Station in Dezful (Southern Iran) according to the eight different rootstocks used: Carrizo citrange, Citrus amblycarpa, Cleopatra mandarin, King mandarin, Sour orange, Swingle citrumelo, Troyer citrange and Volkamer lemon. Results and discussion. For the 5 years studied, cumulative yields per tree and yield per trunk cross-section area were the highest on Cleopatra mandarin, Sour orange, Swingle citrumelo and Volkamer lemon, whereas trees on Citrus amblycarpa, Carrizo citrange, King mandarin and Troyer citrange were the least productive. The results showed that individual fruit weight, size and skin thickness were significantly higher for both cultivars on Volkamer lemon, compared with the other rootstocks. Fruits on the Cleopatra mandarin rootstock had the lowest weight and fruit diameter. The rootstock type also affected the fruit juice amount and soluble solid content. Fruits from cultivars which were grafted on Sour orange rootstock had total soluble solids of 9.93% and 51% of juice content, whereas on Volkamer lemon rootstock, they had 7.81% of total soluble solids and 45.3% of juice content. Total acid of the fruits from cultivars grafted on Volkamer lemon had the significantly smallest amount (1.33%). In both cultivars of grapefruits, no significant differences were observed except in the size of the fruit, fruit juice and vitamin C contents. Interactions between rootstock and cultivar were significantly different. Conclusion. Our results indicated that the yield and fruit quality of grapefruit are strongly influenced by the rootstock used. Also, the interaction between cultivars and rootstocks may be an interesting strategy for the adaptation of cultivars to different climatic areas.

Introduction Fruit quality characteristics are governed by preharvest factors, mainly climate, nutrition and plant bio-regulators, of which the latter two can easily be manipulated in the grower’s interest. Likewise, the postharvest treatments with the best performance can maintain quality during storage and distribution. Therefore, it is important to embrace a holistic approach to combine the pre- and postharvest practices in view of attaining maximum quality and satisfaction at the consumer level. Materials and methods. Various combinations of mineral nutrients (calcium and boron) and bio-regulators (salicylic acid and gibberellic acid) were applied at the pre- and postharvest stages of apple fruits to study their influence on postharvest behavior of these fruits during 60 days of storage under ambient conditions. Results and discussions Among the different treatments tried, fruits treated with either salicylic acid or calcium showed significant improvement with regards to improved physico-chemical characteristics and reduced fruit infection percentage. Integration of pre- and postharvest application of chemicals was verified as the most effective choice for the improvement of shelf life of apple fruits amongst the treatment combinations applied either at the pre- or postharvest stage. The application of salicylic acid in combination with calcium or boron renders an alternative to the use of fungicides to control decay during apple fruit storage.

Introduction. Mulberry is themost medicinally important plant of the genus Morus.The mulberry fruit is used for many medical purposes. The speciesorigin and adaptation, plant description, foliage, flowers and fruit,location, soil, and pests and diseases are summarized. Compositionof mulberry. The studies from different countries show thatthe mulberry plant is rich in phenolic compounds, macro-elements(K, Ca, Mg, Na) and micro-elements (Fe, Zn, Ni). Phenolic compoundsare found in all parts of the mulberry plant. Uses.Mulberry fruit can be used for making jam, jelly, pulp, fruit drinks,fruit sauce and cake. Mulberry fruits are rich in anthocyanins andshould be exploited for the industrial production of natural colorto be used in the food industry. Conclusion. The mulberryplant is of significant biological importance for its antioxidantand antimicrobial properties. Our study suggested the use of mulberryas a potential health food, or important antioxidant carrier inthe food and pharmaceutical industries.