Living in coastal Bangladesh is a good working definition of being water insecure. Cyclones and storm surges overwhelm the deltaic floodplains with high salinity in groundwater limiting safe drinking water. Decades of government, donor and household investments have created a portfolio of drinking water technologies – tube wells, pond sand filters, piped schemes, and rainwater harvesting – with varied water quality, costs and maintenance needs. Differences in local hydrogeology, infrastructure gaps, and seasonal variability create inequalities in water availability and cost burdens. Informal vendors source water from distant tube wells and reverse osmosis plants, selling it to places with no other alternatives. The Water Diaries chart households’ daily water source choices, facing uncertain health risks and high-cost burdens. Drawing on this research evidence, a new model for professional service delivery has been piloted in schools and healthcare facilities. Pilot results showed that the SafePani model can achieve water safety and reliability at less than USD 1 per person per year. The government has invested in scaling up the SafePani model through results-based funding, in recognition of the need for institutional and financial reforms for sustainable andsafe rural drinking water services.

While national rules regarding the scope, availability and issuance of utility models vary from country to country, most utility model regimes offer protection for tangible products, with many, but not all, jurisdictions excluding processes, biological materials and computer software from the scope of protection. The duration of utility model protection ranges from five to fifteen years, with most countries offering ten years of protection. In most countries, utility model applications are not formally examined and must simply disclose the product in question. Given the lack of examination, obtaining utility models is generally viewed as faster and cheaper than obtaining patents. This combination of speed and cost, in theory, makes utility models potentially attractive to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) that cannot afford to obtain full patent protection. Similar considerations have also been raised as advantageous to innovators in low-income countries.

This chapter shows how to transition exactly from discrete molecular dynamics to the averaged continuum dynamics controlling the movement of the center of mass of large numbers of molecules. Discrete particle dynamics is described from the classical Newton–Maxwell perspective and from the quantum perspective with an emphasis on how quantum effects control the force interactions between molecules. Representing atoms using the Dirac delta function in three dimensions (a field) is introduced along with the volume-averaging theorem that defines the macroscopic gradient of volume-averaged fields. The continuum statements of the conservation of mass and momentum of large numbers of atoms are derived. It is shown that the forces causing the center of mass of a collection of molecules to move come entirely from molecules that lie outside the collection. In so doing, the stress tensor is obtained as sums over the molecular-force interactions and a sum over the thermal (random) kinetic energy of the molecules. Body forces are defined as the long-range force fields of electromagnetism and gravity acting on each collection of molecules.

The majority of paediatric surgery carried out is for minor procedures in fit and healthy children and can be performed as day-case procedures. A large quantity of this work is performed in non-specialist hospitals. Children and families need to be able to access high-quality services close to home, and delivering care locally, where possible to do so safely, can add to the patient and parent experience. A non-specialist centre should have arrangements and local guidance for treating and managing simple surgical emergencies in the paediatric population, along with the ability to resuscitate and stabilise critically ill children of all ages before transfer to a tertiary specialist centre for either paediatric critical care or surgery. Continual education and training within regional networks are vital in maintaining skills and confidence of staff in non-specialist centres, and standardisation along with protocols is helpful in the anaesthetic management, analgesic plan, preassessment and critical transfers of children in a non-specialist centre.

While most of Johnson’s paid professional writing was in prose, he wrote accomplished poetry from the age of 15 until the last month of his life, and often poured into it his most personal feelings – especially those poems and verse prayers which he wrote in Latin. Most celebrated are Johnson’s two imitations of satires by Juvenal. In London, the first of these, Johnson adopted the light personification (‘unrewarded science toils in vain’) which became his trademark. The second, The Vanity of Human Wishes, is the quintessential Johnsonian work, a meditation on false hope whose conclusion can be read as either tragic or optimistic. The same theme runs through Johnson’s fictional writing – the shorter tales as well as his longest, Rasselas. This gently comic work, much of it merely episodic, follows the Abyssinian Prince, Rasselas, as he seeks the answer to life – and ends on another ambiguous conclusion.

This chapter relies on a large-scale experimental test with approximately 4,200 Black respondents. The experiment is designed to assess whether certain kinds of signals from politicians influence the information Black voters glean about the politician and their subsequent evaluations. This chapter looks at the aggregate effect of the signals for the purposes of seeing what if anything certain signals do regardless of who employs them. The consistent finding from this chapter is that signals of personal sacrifice are the most effective at communicating commitment to the Black community. However, questions remain about whether the race and/or gender of the politician informs these results. Taken together, Black voters' preference for costly signals is apparent here, setting the stage for the nuance discussed in the next two chapters.

Throughout the various conferences addressing the law of the sea, states shaped and reshaped legal concepts relating to the oceans. They invented the ‘continental shelf’, ‘transit passage’, the ‘exclusive economic zone’, ‘archipelagic waters’ and the ‘seabed’. They reformulated the contiguous zone and fishing limits. And with a single stroke of a pen, they shrank the high seas by a third. Then, in 1994, just before the 1982 convention was about to enter into force, the UN General Assembly, prodded along by the United States, passed the ‘Implementation Agreement’, which amended the seabed regime set out within it. Now, over four decades after signature, new geopolitical forces will inevitably generate pressure for further changes to the law governing the sea.

This chapter focusses on ubiquitous plant presences in some of the literatures of southern Africa, essentially of South Africa and Zimbabwe. Both Indigenous societies and incursive colonial regimes depended fundamentally on plant life for shelter, food, materials, and aesthetics of belonging. Colonials imported numerous alien species, both deliberately cultivated and inadvertently ‘released’, with incalculable impacts on the subcontinent’s variegated local environments. The governing divide between ‘indigenous’ and ‘alien’, however, is complicated by sundry blurrings and ironic cross-overs. These dynamics, affecting commercial, societal, and emotional dimensions alike, are explored through some selected nodes, particularly the iconography of Eden or Arcadia; the complex aesthetic ecology of the suburban garden; and the treatment of trees, especially the native yellowwood and the alien jacaranda.

Following Expo 70, the Japanese state continued to use international exhibitions and other big events to remodel the archipelago, with Okinawa in 1975 and Tsukuba in 1985 the beneficiaries of the bureaucratic determination to develop the regions. They were vastly outnumbered, however, by a torrent of local initiatives in the 1980s, as cities and regions turned again to exhibitions, as they had in the 1930s, to resituate themselves on the national map, trying to navigate the shift of the economy away from heavy industry. This chapter explores both, thereby tracing the relationship between national plans and regional development. Big cities used expos to rebrand themselves for the information age, regional centres to advertise their distinction. Many expos continued to rely on corporate exhibits to attract the crowds; but some branched out, acknowledging environmental limits, and incorporating the local community, not just as consumers but also as participants. More important than the exhibits, however, was the demand unleashed by the expo and the impact on the local economy.

As antenatal diagnosis improves and surgical techniques are developed, the paediatric cardiac anaesthetist has an increasing role in the multidisciplinary team looking after the child undergoing cardiac surgery. Successful major operations in the neonatal period require balancing circulation and managing inotropy, coagulation and technical challenges. The anaesthetist must understand the entire perioperative period. This chapter covers the essentials of cardiac-stable anaesthesia, management of cardiopulmonary bypass and the physiological changes that can occur during children’s surgery for heart disease. Common cardiac lesions and their anaesthetic management are described in addition to the potential decompensation pathways and strategies to mitigate them. Right-to-left and left-to-right shunts, complex anatomical arrangements and anaesthesia for poor ventricular function are all covered.

Young people with cognitive disability deserve to live in a home of their choice. They also deserve to get help when they feel mentally unwell. This chapter looks at where young people with cognitive people live. Many young people felt unsafe where they lived. Some young people needed mental health services. It could be hard to trust mental health staff. Mental health services were good when staff really wanted to help and listened to the young person. Young people with cognitive disability should be helped to make their own decisions.