Intravenous fluids are routinely given to children when the enteral route is not sufficient or it’s not an option, such as during surgery and anaesthesia. Lack of understanding of the composition of fluids and the appropriate rate to administer them has been associated with serious morbidity and mortality in children. Recent evidence has shown that giving children isotonic fluids with a sodium concentration similar to plasma decreases the risk of hyponatraemia without an increase in adverse effects. This has led to a change in guidelines, which now recommend that isotonic fluids are used in children along with regular monitoring of fluid balance and electrolytes. Current evidence supported by several anaesthesia societies across the world recommend that children are allowed and should be encouraged to drink clear fluids up to one hour before elective surgery. Evidence is starting to emerge from enhanced recovery programmes in children of improved outcomes from individualised perioperative fluid therapy and avoidance of prolonged preoperative fasting. Strategies to reduce blood transfusion in children having surgery include treatment of preoperative iron deficiency, acceptance of low transfusion thresholds, cell salvage and tranexamic acid administration.

More than 200,000 Africans were freed from slave ships after 1807 as a result of British policy. Most were processed by Mixed Commission or Vice-Admiralty Courts and assigned the status of “Liberated Africans,” but their freedom was severely restricted by “apprenticeships” of varying lengths supposedly to prepare them for entering a free labor market. However those entering Cuban or Brazilian jurisdictions had lives little different from slaves. In Sierra Leone, by contrast, apprenticeships were short-term and did not involve plantation labor. Photographic, anthropometric, and per capita income evidence indicates that most did not do as well as the poor European migrants who were emigrating in large numbers to the Americas at this period. Liberated Africans did not have the same opportunities as Whites because of racism. They did not have access to the land distributed by the Homestead Act, and could not enter labor markets on the same terms as Whites. In other words, the anti-Black attitudes that made the transatlantic slave trade possible continued after its abolition. The Liberated African records allow us to examine the African origins of enslaved people. The nineteenth-century slave trade from West Africa had a preponderance of Yoruba, Igbo, and Mende speakers.

The chapter examines co-text images in multimodal texts. It highlights the increasing importance of images in political discourse. The intersemiotic relations which language and image may enter into are described with an emphasis placed on intersemiotic convergence. Two areas of multimodal research in Cognitive CDA are identified: multimodal constructions and multimodal metaphor. In connection with multimodal constructions, the chapter considers news photographs and shows how news photographs and their captions may coincide with respect to the conceptual dimensions of schematisation, viewpoint and attentional distribution. In connection with multimodal metaphor, the chapter shows how metaphors expressed verbally may also be expressed visually or cross-modally in verbal and visual components of the text. The role of intertextuality and interdiscursivity in accessing source-frames is highlighted. Two case studies are presented. The first considers visual and cross-modal examples of war and animal metaphors in immigration discourse. The second considers body-poses as a particular source of metaphoricity in images.

The introduction of bioprocessing in industry will increase the demand for biomass from agricultural fields, forests, and the marine environment (see Chapter 2). Chapter 3 will give you an understanding of the challenges related to extraction and production of biomass, which have spatial effects on land and marine use, ecosystems, and biodiversity. The collection and production of biomass must be sustainable, and contribute to biodiversity and an ethical environment as described in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals: SDG 15 Life on land, SDG 14 Life below water, SDG 13 Climate action, and SDG 11 Methods. You will be introduced to life cycle analysis (LCA), which is a tool designed for broader analyses of products or whole production systems as well as analyses of the categories of policies societies implement in order to guide and regulate the production and processing of biomass.

The law of Newtonian viscosity is derived and the suite of continuum equations controlling the mechanics of fluids presented. Conditions for viscous flow to be considered incompressible are derived and the Navier–Stokes equations defined. Dimensional analysis is described along with the idea of similarity of two flow fields occurring on different spatial and temporal scales. The nature of the boundary and initial conditions for a flow domain are obtained that result in unique solutions of the linear form of the Navier–Stokes equations along with the specific boundary conditions on the flow fields that hold at fluid–solid and fluid–fluid interfaces. Analytical solutions of viscous flow are obtained for a range a specific, and simple, steady-state flow geometries. Time harmonic flow in straight conduits is determined as is the magnetohydrodynamic flow taking place in straight conduits filled with an electrically conducting fluid and a magnetic field applied perpendicularly to the conduit. In the guided exercises, the lubrication approximation is used to obtain approximate solutions for a range of flow scenarios.

In Khartoum the work of managing displacement and organising the future involved extensive educational projects. Residents of all socio-economic and ethnic backgrounds organised adult night schools and taught their own syllabuses of critical political and social education, using self-written alternative history textbooks, in multiple mother tongues or in a common southern Sudanese Arabic. Based on private archives of teaching resources, school records, aid agency archival marginalia, and personal accounts of educative work, this chapter reconstructs this intellectual terrain. It explores the definitions of education among these residents, which included practical and moral knowledge, linguistic creativity, and critical political analysis.

Many people fleeing the massacres, village burnings, slave raids, and famines across southern Sudan from the early 1980s followed paths north to the capital. This chapter starts at the height of this wartime displacement in the mid-1980s, detailing the emergency mutual support and organisation that people undertook, based on older associational cultures and systems rooted in long histories of migration and displacement north. The chapter locates the people whose lives and work are followed through the book, as they build new neighbourhoods and negotiate access, safety, and work within the hostile capital.

The chapter focusses on schematisation – the image-schematic structuring of events in conceptualisation. Image schemas are defined as representations of recurrent patterns of experience which are called up in discourse to constitute our basic understanding of the situation or event described. The different domains of experience in which image schemas arise are considered alongside their ideological role in the discursive construction of events. Two case studies are presented. The first examines the motion event in media discourses of immigration. It highlights a number of conceptual parameters along which conceptualisations of immigration may depart from a basic model of motion, including in manner of motion and configuration of the ground, quantification and plexity in the figure, and the rate and iteration of the motion encoded, and considers the implications of these departures for ideology and the legitimation of hostile immigration policies. The second focusses on schematisation in media coverage of a Black Lives Matter protest. In a comparative analysis of two texts it shows the patterns of conceptualisation implicated in realising the protest paradigm in media reporting.

The integration of AI into business models and workplaces has a profound impact on society, legal systems, and organizational structures. It also became intrinsically intertwined with the concept of work and worker, and with the assignment of jobs, the measurement of performance and the evaluation of tasks, and decisions related to disciplinary measures or dismissals. The objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of the multifaceted aspects of AI and labor law, focusing on the profound legal questions arising from this intersection, including its implications for employment relationships, the exercise of labor rights, and social dialogue.

Neonates presenting for specialist neonatal and paediatric surgery range in age and complexity from the extremely premature infant undergoing laparotomy for necrotising enterocolitis to the healthy term neonate undergoing hernia repair. Many patients presenting for repair of congenital abnormalities are born prematurely and/or have congenital cardiac defects, which leads to additional challenges. The most common general surgical conditions presenting in the newborn period are oesophageal atresia (OA) with or without trachea-oesophageal fistula (TOF), congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), intestinal atresias, meconium ileus, malrotation and volvulus, Hirschsprung’s disease, imperforate anus, exomphalos, gastroschisis and necrotising enterocolitis (NEC). Anaesthetic techniques should be tailored to the relevant surgical condition, but most of the key principles of management are similar and require an in-depth knowledge of the anatomical, physiological and pharmacological differences particular to this vulnerable group of patients. In this chapter, we discuss the general considerations for anaesthesia in neonatal surgery and then each specific neonatal condition in relation to their anaesthetic and surgical management.

One reason for assembling another collection of essays on examples of how education reforms were implemented is to see if different resource levels and different political and national histories produce and demand different reform strategies. Another is to highlight the tension between rational approaches to education reform and the participatory or democratic approaches which emphasise context and the views of practitioners and stakeholders. A third reason is to highlight some of the assumptions about individual behaviours embedded in the rational and participatory approaches to reform. The ten cases presented here have been chosen and shaped by these three rationales. They also highlight some of the themes drawn from the first set of cases about continuity, consistency and coherence, adding to the stock of knowledge about models and approaches to the design and enactment of reforms including logic models and gradualism.

This chapter discusses how AI technologies permeate the media sector. It sketches opportunities and benefits of the use of AI in media content gathering and production, media content distribution, fact-checking, and content moderation. The chapter then zooms in on ethical and legal risks raised by AI-driven media applications: lack of data availability, poor data quality, and bias in training datasets, lack of transparency, risks for the right to freedom of expression, threats to media freedom and pluralism online, and threats to media independence. Finally, the chapter introduces the relevant elements of the EU legal framework which aim to mitigate these risks, such as the Digital Services Act, the European Media Freedom Act, and the AI Act.