This chapter examines cross-fertilization in the ‘transitional’ period (roughly 1818–37) between the Gothic novel, the French roman noir, and the German Schauer traditions, including the well-known influence of E. T. A. Hoffmann on the French conte fantastique and Hoffmann’s relation to George Sand and to Sir Walter Scott. It does so by tracing the European peregrinations of the Gothic trope of forbidden space across diverse national and literary borders, from Perrrault’s ‘Bluebeard’ to Tieck, Hoffmann, Radcliffe, Stevenson, and Wilde’s Dorian Gray. The chapter then focuses on George Sand’s novel Mauprat and its dialogue with Hoffmann and Scott.

This chapter examines the ways in which Grand Tour narratives developed through the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and contributed to the conception of Europe in that period. It includes Joseph Addison’s Remarks on Several Parts of Italy &c (1705), Laurence Sterne’s A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy (1768), and Mary Wollstonecraft’s Letters Written During a Short Residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark (1796) and argues that in the later eighteenth century the description of Europe via a part (classical Italy) gives way to an emphasis on the particular. Recent critical attention to slowness, microspection and proximate ethnography in travel writing studies is applied to Grand Tour sentimentalism and satire in order to propose the value of reading such texts as examples of vertical travel. Late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century women’s contributions to Grand Tour writing and discourse rearticulated some of the motifs of stillness and intimacy popularised by earlier writers such as Sterne but introduce new frameworks for thinking about Europe which include its possibilities as a site for shared, familial experience.

The nature of modern economies, and their ideological dimensions. The cultural challenges of capitalist economies and their “socialist” alternatives.

This chapter examines discrete-time LTI systems in detail. It shows that the input–output behavior of an LTI system is characterized by the so-called impulse response. The output is shown to be the so-called convolution of the input with the impulse response. It is then shown that exponentials are eigenfunctions of LTI systems. This property leads to the ideas of transfer functions and frequency responses for LTI systems. It is argued that the frequency response gives a systematic meaning to the term “filtering.” Image filtering is demonstrated with examples. The discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT) is introduced to describe the frequency domain behavior of LTI systems, and allows one to represent a signal as a superposition of single-frequency signals (the Fourier representation). DTFT is discussed in detail, with many examples. The z-transform, which is of great importance in the study of LTI systems, is also introduced and its connection to the Fourier transform explained. Attention is also given to real signals and real filters, because of their additional properties in the frequency domain. Homogeneous time-invariant (HTI) systems are also introduced. Continuous-time counterparts of these topics are explained. B-splines, which arise as examples in continuous-time convolution, are presented.

Antigone is the only character in Sophocles who explicitly purports to value philia above hatred. She does so in the course of a short dialogue, central to the play, which turns on the nature of philia and enmity.

This chapter explains why the promotion of workouts and hybrid procedures can be particularly desirable in countries with inefficient insolvency proceedings, as it generally occurs in emerging economies. Moreover, due to the concentrated debt structures that firms usually have in emerging economies, reaching an out-of-court solution can be a more feasible option for viable but financially distressed firms. Nonetheless, informal workouts are subject to many limitations. For that reason, in addition to implementing several strategies to actively promote informal workouts, this chapter argues that emerging economies should adopt enhanced workouts where the support of certain norms or actors can facilitate a successful out-of-court restructuring. Additionally, it is argued that emerging economies should also implement hybrid procedures equipped with several tools existing in formal reorganization procedures. Nonetheless, due to the institutional weaknesses existing in emerging economies, the involvement of courts should be minimized. This chapter explains how this goal can be achieved while making sure that creditors remain protected against the opportunism of debtors.

The blockade has been a long-standing economic and military tactic to isolate enemy nations and force them to endure siege conditions. This chapter examines how British or pro-British cultural actors managed to disseminate propagandized cultural texts and information via secret channels of communication, smuggling in the cultural capital of the enemy nation(s). The first example is the Bibliothèque britannique, the Geneva-based journal which commissioned and published many translations of British scientific and literary works during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars; second, the translation activity during 1914–18 with poetry as case study; third, the role played by the pro-European group, the Federal Union and finally the internationalism and human rights discourse of writing advocated by PEN in London during the Second World War. The chapter concludes with a Cold War section examining soft diplomacy in the use of literature and art to disseminate liberal thinking behind the Iron Curtain. How far do these blockade moments articulate federal and internationalist aims and projects while risking isolationist rhetoric in the construction of liberal ideals in wartime?

Supportive educators can aid young people in channelling negative emotions about climate change in healthy, adaptive ways. However, globally only a small minority (13 percent) of young people in school have been asked to consider their feelings about climate change and most teachers lack training and confidence to deliver climate change education. The first portion of this chapter provides an overview of climate change education and explores young people’s climate distress in educational settings, with an emphasis on institutional betrayal. The second portion presents case studies and qualitative data from semi-structured interviews conducted with four leading practitioners whose approaches to climate change education acknowledge and support the mental health implications for young people. Finally, themes identified from thematic analysis of the interviews are presented, and key insights for good practice in climate change education are provided.

All fields of science benefit from gathering and analyzing network data. This chapter summarizes a small portion of the ways networks are found in research fields thanks to increasing volumes of data and the computing resources needed to work with that data. Epidemiology, dynamical systems, materials science, and many more fields than we can discuss here, use networks and network data. Well encounter many more examples during the rest of this book.

The twin principles Help Friends and Harm Enemies are fundamental to the structure of Oedipus at Colonus. At the outset Oedipus reveals Apollo’s prophecy which he wishes to fulfil, and whose fulfilment will constitute the action of the play. He is to find rest at Athens, ‘bringing profit by dwelling here to those who welcomed me, but doom to those who sent me away, driving me out’). The dual theme is restated more explicitly when he tells the chorus that if they help him they will gain ‘a great saviour for this city, and troubles for my enemies’. For the first 700 lines of the play, until Creon arrives, Oedipus’ two-edged hopes and emerging power to implement them are constantly stressed. He shows his benign aspect to the Athenians, to whom he promises soteria and benefits if they help him. The arrival of Ismene shows his love for his daughters, and through her message his power over Thebes is revealed. It gradually emerges how he intends to use that power, and the scene culminates in a curse on his sons and a prayer that he may indeed have the control over their fate which the oracle has promised him. Later, in his long speech to Theseus, it is made clear that the same event will simultaneously bring help to his friends and harm to his foes, and Theseus’ response shows a full understanding of this.