Ces dernières décennies, certains travaux ont cherché à montrer que le plus-que-parfait tend à développer des emplois de passé perfectif dépourvus de toute notion d’antériorité. Le but du présent article est de reconsidérer ces analyses, en accordant davantage d’importance à l’anaphoricité de ce temps verbal. Après avoir rappelé les principales propriétés du plus-que-parfait, l’auteur note que les exemples discutés dans ces travaux concernent essentiellement deux contextes d’emploi. Plusieurs de ces exemples sont ici repris et réanalysés. L’auteur en conclut que ces travaux sous-estiment le rôle de l’implicite dans le fonctionnement anaphorique du plus-que-parfait, en exigeant inutilement la présence d’une expression temporelle susceptible d’interpréter l’anaphorique (antécédent). Il en résulte que l’hypothèse parfois avancée d’une aoristisation de ce temps verbal, outre son coût théorique, s’avère inappropriée.

Can United Nations peace operations improve their effectiveness and strengthen longer-term positive legacies in host nations by shifting to greater use of renewable energy? Since the end of the Cold War and the growth of modern UN peace operations, attention has been focused on the missions’ mandate of supporting political strategies for peace and core objectives such as protecting civilians. Could missions better meet their mandate with improved energy options and reduced emissions, or is there a trade-off with the core objectives? As the missions are nearly fully dependent on diesel generators to power their operations, what is the UN’s responsibility to reduce emissions at a time when addressing climate change is a priority of the UN Secretary-General? Is there an ethical case to make for the UN to support greater use of renewable energy where it operates? And could the UN partner with host nations and others to support a shift in energy use that benefits the communities that host peace operations? This essay argues that missions could reduce their emissions and leverage their energy needs to increase security, strengthen ties to local communities, increase energy access, and support the climate goals of host nations. Drawing on case studies in recent peacekeeping missions and the author’s review of UN commitments across mandates, the Sustainable Development Goals, peacebuilding, and climate goals, this essay will address this area of potential innovation that can help build a positive legacy for UN missions and countries emerging from conflict.

Clostridiodes difficile’s epidemiology has evolved over the past decades, being recognized as an important cause of disease in the community setting. Even so, there has been heterogeneity in the reports of CA-CDI. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the epidemiologic profile of CA-CDI.

This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to PRISMA checklist and Cochrane guidelines (CRD42023451134). Literature search was performed by an experienced librarian from inception to April 2023, searching in databases like MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, CCRCC, CDSR, and ClinicalTrials. Observational studies that reported prevalence, incidence of CA-CDI, or indicators to calculate them were included. Pool analysis was performed using a binomial-normal model via the generalized linear mixed model. Subgroup analysis and publication bias were also explored. A total of 49 articles were included, obtaining a prevalence of 5% (95% CI 3–8) and an incidence of 7.53 patients (95% CI 4.45–12.74) per 100,000 person-years.

In conclusion, this meta-analysis underscores that among the included studies, the prevalence of CA-CDI stands at 5%, with an incidence rate of 7.3 cases per 100,000 person-years. Noteworthy risk factors identified include prior antibiotic exposure and age.

The global analogue of a Henselian local ring is a Henselian pair – a ring R and an ideal I which satisfy a condition resembling Hensel’s lemma regarding lifting coprime factorizations of monic polynomials over $R/I$ to factorizations over R. The geometric counterpart is the notion of a Henselian scheme, which can serve as a substitute for formal schemes in applications such as deformation theory.

In this paper, we prove a GAGA-style cohomology comparison result for Henselian schemes in positive characteristic, making use of a ‘Henselian étale’ topology defined in previous work in order to leverage exactness of finite pushforward for abelian sheaves in the étale topology of schemes. We will also discuss algebraizability of coherent sheaves on the Henselization of a proper scheme, proving (without a positive characteristic restriction) algebraizability for coherent subsheaves. We can then deduce a Henselian version of Chow’s theorem on algebraization and the algebraizability of maps between Henselizations of proper schemes.

Cleavers, an annual or winter annual broadleaf weed in the Rubiaceae family, has become troublesome in the wheat fields of the Huang-Huai-Hai region in China due to its herbicide resistance. In North America the common name of the plant is stickwilly; in China it known as cleavers. Four populations of cleavers (JS-15, SD-10, JS-22, and AH-20) were collected from wheat fields in Jiangsu, Shandong, and Anhui provinces, where the plant was not being controlled with applications of florasulam. The aims of this study were to identify the herbicide resistance patterns and investigate the mechanism underlying florasulam resistance. Whole-plant dose-response experiments revealed a notable variation in the degree of resistance exhibited by three specific populations toward florasulam, in comparison to the most sensitive population (S and AH-9), with the highest resistance index reaching 841.4. A gene-sequencing assay for acetolactate synthase (ALS) found that plants that were resistant to ALS from the JS-15, JS-22, and AH-20 populations had a Trp-574-Leu mutation, while no known ALS resistance mutations were discovered in SD-10 plants. In vitro ALS enzyme activity assays also indicated that the extractable ALS from JS-15, JS-22, and AH-20 plants was greatly resistant to florasulam relative to plants that are susceptible. Additionally, according to the resistance rating system, all resistant populations were susceptible to carfentrazone-ethyl + MCPA-sodium and bipyrazone + fluroxypyr-methyl. AH-20, JS-15, and JS-22 exhibited resistance to selected ALS, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), and photosystem II (PS II) complex inhibitors, demonstrating RR and RRR resistance profiles, whereas AH-9 displayed sensitivity to virtually all tested agents. The SD-10 population, on the other hand, exhibited RR and RRR resistance to HPPD and PS II inhibitors, and sensitivity to tribenuron-methyl. These findings indicate that a target site–based mechanism drives resistance to the ALS inhibitor florasulam in populations of cleavers, but nontarget site resistance may also have contributed to resistance, but this was not investigated. Other herbicides with different sites of action were tested and were active against cleavers.

In order to evaluate the seasonal responses of periphytic protozoan fauna to the antibiotic nitrofurazone at sensitive concentration, a 1-year baseline survey was carried out in Chinese coastal waters of the Yellow Sea. To assess the nitrofurazone (NFZ)-induced toxicokinetics in different season, the test protozoan samples were collected using microscope slides and exposed to the sensitive NFZ concentration of 8 mg ml−1. Differences in species composition and typical species were observed in the test organism fauna in the control and treatment among four seasons. However, the community patterns were significantly shifted under the sensitive concentration, with a part of stressed test samples significantly departed from a respected taxonomic pattern. Therefore, it is suggested that periphytic protozoan fauna may be significantly changed at the same sensitive concentration in both the species composition and community pattern, although there were significant differences in tolerant species among four seasons in marine environments.