Brazil has a long tradition in the public health arena, with roots that can be traced to the colonial period, when the first medical schools were established in the country. The recent history of the field, however, became deeply intertwined with the struggle to re-democratize the country after the military coup of 1964. As part of a broad coalition, the movement for health reform was seeded by left-leaning public health physicians who were instrumental in designing what would become Brazil’s national healthcare system, the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), after the restoration of democracy. The creation of the Instituto de Medicina Social (Social Medicine Institute, IMS) at the Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro State University) in 1970 was closely followed by the introduction of its Masters course in Social and Preventive Medicine in 1974, one of the pioneers in the field in Latin America, and is an important part of this development. The professors and researchers at the IMS were important actors both in the development of a theoretical body of work as well as in political at different levels of government. The account of this institution’s history, partially based on personal experience, is an important element of the general history of the field in Brazil.

In this chapter, Eve Sorum asks what happens when a reader or writer tries to orient herself toward an othered body or distant place in a text, only to have the object of that gaze turn and look back. What can disorienting literary moves – changes to both poetic and narrative form and perspective – reveal about how space determines who can speak and how one can speak in a text? This chapter explores the disorientation and subsequent transformation of literary spaces – the spaces of the page and the physical geographies explored within the texts – in Zora Neale Hurston’s Barracoon (1931) and Mina Loy’s poem “Parturition” (1914). In both works, the “objects” of orientation seize control of not only the narrative gaze, but also the space and form of the text itself. Such reorientation transforms the geographic and spatial power dynamics in the texts: Africa turns toward and speaks to the United States, while the laboring female body transcends domestic space and achieves a cosmic view of men. These acts of disorientation and reorientation demand reexamining the spaces from which we read and write, as well as the literary space of the page itself.

A distinction between types of methods (understanding and explanation) that generate different kinds of evidence relevant to the psychiatric assessment is characterised. The distinction is animated with both non-clinical and clinical examples and exercises. Scepticism about the distinction is addressed, and three influential systems of psychiatric knowledge which collapse understanding and explanation in different ways are discussed. The argument is made that the distinction (analogous to the romantic/classic distinction) resurfaces and is compelling. However, another challenge becomes important – holism in psychiatric assessment – which the understanding/explanation distinction leaves in an unsatisfactory state.

This chapter addresses the question of digital space in/and literary studies, exploring how literary fiction has been shaped by the digital and how it has, in turn, shaped conceptions of digital space. Across a period of roughly 35 years, the chapter traces changing understandings of digital space in and through the literary. Beginning with the emergence of cyberspace as a virtual, “placeless” space in the late 1980s and early 1990s and the concomitant but short-lived rise of hypertext theory, the chapter articulates how early formations of digital space were fundamentally bound up with questions of the literary. It then turns to more recent shifts in understanding the space of the digital as a more hybrid one that recognises social existence as being simultaneously, and co-constitutively, physical and virtual. To illustrate this more hybrid spatiality, the chapter draws focus to new dynamics of literary creation, distribution, and consumption as well as recent representations and remediations of this kind of hybrid spatiality in “internet” or “social media” novels that work to capture the compression of online and offline communicative social space.

This part begins the investigation in the past and examines how economic and social objectives shaped the regulation of migration in the period from the Treaty of Paris to the Single European Act. In doing so, it proves that while the concept of sustainable migration is a recent one, the social and economic pillars of sustainability have been constantly guiding the development of EU migration law. Specifically, the balancing between economic and social considerations shaped the regulation of migration already from the establishment of Community law. The analysis further shows that during the years of post-war growth, the EU institutions’ approach to the regulation of migration was aligned for both Community and TCN migrants. Contemporary analyses of EU migration law emphasize the different rationales behind free movement and regulation of migration from third countries. In contrast to this, the investigation shows that during the early years of the Community law, all migrants were perceived as having the same function for the collective project of growth.

This chapter explores “predictive coding” models, which challenge classic theories of perception and brain function. By incorporating details of both the connectivity between brain areas and the levels of microcircuitry within cortical regions, these models suggest a radical new way to conceive of perception and cognition. Whereas classic models assume that feed-forward, or bottom-up, processing is mainly responsible for our perception, predictive coding theories suggest that top-down models determine our perception, with bottom-up processing simply correcting errors in those models. Neuroscience evidence is presented for the abundance of top-down connections, the efficiency of neural coding, the role of expectancy in attention, and how the balance of top-down and bottom-up processing is related to the dysfunctional attention processes in some clinical groups. The allocation of attention is thought to be a dynamic and changing process wherein top-down hyper-priors are integrated with current priors that are being continually updated within and across levels. According to such models, attention affects the expected precision (reliability) of bottom-up information and the likelihood that this information will be used to update the current top-down models. Predictive coding theories that are opening new ways of thinking about the neural mechanisms that drive our attention are discussed.

This chapter takes plantation as a rubric under which theorizations of race and space in Marxism and Black and Indigenous critical theory might be usefully coordinated for the sake not only of intersectional practicality but intellectual purchase for literary scholars in particular. Historically associated with the racializing regimes of both settler colonialism and enslavement that made what historian James Belich has called “the Anglo-world,” plantation comes into view as a key means through which capitalist social relations originating in late medieval southeastern England have been planted across the planet to the massive detriment of human and nonhuman life. Understood as sites at which the compulsion to expand set in motion by capital in the metropole confronts noncapital in its most resistant difference, white settler colonies in North America and Oceania are treated as experimental spaces for the satisfaction of that compulsion – that is, as not only spatial but phenomenological frontiers of real subsumption. This chapter focuses on one such experiment: the settler/master’s assumption of the role of the God of Genesis, specifically the power to bring worlds out of and into being through acts of signification, the whole-cloth fiction of race foremost among them.

Eight months after adoption, less than 60 per cent of the country-specific recommendations are partially or fully implemented, and the performance has worsened after the introduction of the European Semester (ES). This chapter employs political economy theories of reform to explain differences in implementation, analyzing the full set of recommendations released between 2002 and 2019. A combination of economic and electoral pressures as well as the costs of noncompliance are associated with these patterns. Proximity to electoral contests lowers the rates of implementation, even though this effect weakens under the ES. In 2002–2010, inflationary pressures acted as drivers of compliance in euro area countries and as obstacles to compliance in non-euro area countries. After the introduction of the ES, the sovereign debt crisis triggered fuller implementation. Moreover, governments adopted especially those actions that were associated with a more established supranational system for sanctioning noncompliance. Raw country power has had different implications. Countries with higher voting power were initially less compliant. Later on, economically larger countries complied more.

Common law in America is the product of the largely independent work of thousands of different appellate judges working in hundreds of different appellate courts operating in more than fifty different jurisdictions. In characterizing this system as having experienced a profound paradigm shift from formalism to instrumentalism during the twentieth century, one is not suggesting that every appellate judge on the bench before 1,930 was a staunch formalist and that every appellate judge sitting after 1,970 has been a diehard instrumentalist.

Similarly, the legal realist movement need not have definitively established the philosophical impossibility of formalism in order to have effectively toppled it as the conventional understanding of appellate lawmaking, and to have it eventually replaced with instrumentalism. The most potent and persuasive thrust of the legal realist critique was demonstrating that formalism was advancing a false narrative of appellate court decision-making and thereby obscuring the real factors that were driving appellate court judgments.

Despite the current consensus regarding these matters, a practical and tangible transition from formalism to instrumentalism has been long delayed and is, in many ways, not yet even on the horizon. There are a number of institutional reasons for this continuing phenomenon.

Introduces the concept of mental capacity as a key meeting point between human freedom and mental disorder/disability. The emergence of a functional test of mental capacity, away from status and outcome tests, is discussed. An account is given of how the functional idea has been operationalised in mainly US–UK law and field tested in cases before a specialised court in England. This process is viewed as a classic one involving the public use of reason within a parliamentary democracy. Study of it has shown that an important romantic concern about the functional test (namely, that it overlooks the emotional or valuational aspects of human nature with an intellectual bias) are less compelling than was thought.

This chapter provides an overview of the problem posed by the objective of an EU sustainable migration as well as the argument guiding the investigation. It provides an overview of the concept of sustainability, its appearance in EU law, policy, and scholarship, as well as its recent connection to migration. After demonstrating that the existing legal and policy framework, as well as scholarly research, are of no help in conceptualizing the legal implications of the sustainable migration demand, the chapter highlights the necessity of addressing the problem by means of critical legal history. It further presents the material and the boundaries of the investigation and it concludes by outlining the structure of the book, its significance, and objectives.

This article is based on personal experience in the discipline of architecture that argues for imagination as a driver of new knowledge production, hopefully by describing my academic and practice journey. It is about the practical realization of outcomes rooted in a creative imagination; the tension between reality and fantasy, and synthesizing multiple concerns of a place, creating something meaningful for a place and to the inhabitants. The story of my academic journey is grounded in how I have creatively applied my knowledge of the discipline to explore current social phenomena in the place that has been home for three decades, South Africa. My professional journey driven by a practice that imaginatively, within the particularities of place, has attempted to make visible pathways from which to change beliefs and attitudes that bind me to authoritative knowledge. In the tension between academic and professional journeys, the former biased by what I have learnt and know, and the latter, a creative exploration of imagination, knowledge is not authoritative or alternate. It is a collection of dynamic experiences; collective understandings in different life-worlds. It is new.