Chapter 3, Process, People, and Working Conditions, focuses specifically on the labor dynamics of these workshops in order to appreciate how the workplace and production process structured the working lives of complex labor groups with different specializations, statuses, and working conditions.

Until now, as we have said in Chapter 8N, we have treated positive feedback as evil or as a mistake: it’s what you get when you get confused about which op-amp terminal you’re feeding. Today you will qualify this view: you will find that positive feedback can be useful: it can improve the performance of a comparator; it can be combined with negative feedback to make an oscillator (“relaxation oscillator”: positive feedback dominates there); or to make a negative impedance converter (this we will not build, but see AoE §4.107, Fig. 4.104: there, negative feedback dominates).

This chapter is dedicated to the definition of 2-polygraphs, which are a 2-dimensional generalization of 1-polygraphs. Before introducing this notion, a refined viewpoint over 1-polygraphs is given. Instead of merely focusing on the set presented by a 1-polygraph as a set of equivalence classes of generators modulo the relations, the free category generated by the polygraph is now considered. The notion of 2-polygraph naturally appears as soon as arbitrary, non necessarily free, small categories are considered. In order to present such a category, one starts with a polygraph such that the 1-generators generate the morphisms of the category, but now it must be taken into account the relations induced by the category among the morphisms of the free category generated the resulting 1-polygraph. These relations will be generated by a set of 2-generators, consisting in certain pairs of morphisms intended to be equalized in the category. Following the same pattern, it will be explained that a 2-polygraph can also be seen as a system of generators for a free 2-category, thus preparing the study of 3-polygraphs. The variant where a (2,1)-category is freely generated is also examined.

Apart from the scarcities and famines that afflicted its people, Bihar witnessed the repeated strikes of severe epidemics of cholera, smallpox, and fever during colonial rule. It also experienced a time of tribulation and affliction caused by kala-azar. Despite kala-azar being known as Dumdum fever, malarial cachexia, chronic malaria, catchetic fever, and so on, the people of Bihar called it kala-dukh (black sorrow), perhaps because of the severe sufferings it brought about, as the Garos called the disease kala-hazar and the Bengalis kala-jwar. The disease spread rapidly from the early twentieth century, which is said to have been facilitated by the continuous movement of people from Bihar to the plantation areas of Assam and Bengal. Bihar increasingly went on acquainting itself with medical intervention from the colonial health administration. Unfortunately, sources of the medical history of Bihar testify that kala-azar kept on attacking people till the end of colonial rule, and question is thus raised about the effectiveness of anti-kala-azar measures. This chapter is devoted to studying the occurrence of kala-azar in Bihar and the extent of its proliferation and containment. It aims to examine the causes of the occurrence of this disease combined with its perilous effects on people. I have tried to unearth, in the chapter, how and why kala-azar broke out there and caused ‘black sorrow’, the usefulness of anti-kala-azar measures, and the extent of the success of these measures in the containment of the disease.

Adjust frequency so as to get a useful image: too high, and you won’t allow time enough to see the waveform move far; too low, and you’ll see the full waveform, but using just a small portion of the scope screen, and thus your time measurements will be only approximate.

Bengal was one of the most productive regions in the Ganges delta that came under British control in the eighteenth century. The British East India Company consolidated its hold on the region following the Battle of Plassey in 1757 and the Battle of Buxar in 1764 and, by 1793, took complete control of the region. Thus, colonial rule started its journey from Bengal (that is, Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa) in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent, and its resources were exploited by the British to extend and consolidate their empire. Apart from colonial exploitative pressure, the region experienced several natural calamities, including the inroads of famines and epidemic diseases, that caused unprecedented ravages and torment for the people. This chapter aims to look into the epidemiology of kala-azar in Bengal, the colonial medical intervention to combat it, and the effectiveness of the methods implemented to contain the disease. It also brings into focus how the indigenous people, including medical professionals in particular, responded to the illness and the state's medical measures to manage it. It may not be out of place here to provide a brief note on the area, its people, and the disease environment to have a better understanding of the occurrence of black fever and its containment.

A Peep into the History of Bengal: People and Public Health

Bengal was one of the prosperous and healthiest regions in eastern India, and its prosperity, whether agricultural, commercial, or industrial, even in the early nineteenth century, was widely acclaimed. However, it lost its affluence because of colonial exploitation. The colonial rule brought about certain significant changes in Bengal's economy that severely affected agriculture and manufacturing works, leading to subordination and economic decline.

The sort of problem we mean to solve with the most important of today’s circuits is the conversion of a sinusoidal power supply voltage – AC coming from the wall supply (often called “line” voltage) – to a constant DC level.

This chapter introduces in full generality the central concept of this book, namely the notion of polygraph. Given an n-category, a cellular extension of it consist in attaching cells of dimension n+1 between certain pairs of parallel n-cells. This operation freely generates an (n+1)-category. Polygraphs are then obtained by starting with a set, considered as a 0-category and inductively repeating the above process in all dimensions. The construction yields a fundamental triangle of adjunctions between omega-categories, polygraphs, and globular sets. A brief description of (n,p)-polygraphs, that is, the notion of polygraph adapted to (n,p)-categories, concludes the chapter.

The term nostalgia dates from the end of the seventeenth century when Johann Hofer, a nineteen-year-old Swiss physician, devised it for his doctoral thesis on the causes for the melancholic state of Swiss serving as hired soldiers in the armies of other European powers or working or studying away from their native area. Nostos in Greek means home, the homeland, while agie means longing, yearning for. As its usage became more popular from the second half of the nineteenth century in west-European languages, it gradually entered Russian, Persian, and Arabic, among other languages, even when they already had words expressing homesickness, in other words spatial nostalgia, and temporal nostalgia, a nostalgia for the past.

In this chapter the use of the finite element method in hull girder analysis and design is described. Quasi-static and vibration analysis of the hull girder are considered. The use of approximate simplified quasi-static analysis and of linear elastic finite element analysis using both 2D and 3D models are discussed. The implementation of FE models to the residual and ultimate strength is described and various approaches compared. FE models used in vibration response are considered and the matrix equations of dynamic equilibrium given. Free vibration and forced vibration response are discussed and vibration modes resulting from main engine excitation described. Rule requirements for the implementation of the FEM are discussed. The rational design of the hull girder using a classification society approach is described. Finite element codes used in ship structural analysis and design are mentioned and their capabilities compared. Two case studies are described in detail. The first of these concerns the use of nonlinear elasto-plastic analysis to determine the ultimate strength of a bulk carrier in the alternate hold loading condition. The second study presents a comparison of the dynamic response of single and double-skin bulk carriers involved in a collision incident.

This chapter deals with the question of how the story of Noah begins to leave the world of history to enter the world of myth and legend. It begins with a discussion of Noah and his family within the developing field in the eighteenth century of comparative mythography. Particular attention is paid to the idea of Noah and his family as the origin of all religions in the works of Jacob Bryant. The chapter also continues the discussion started in Chapter 5 on the populating of the earth after the flood with an account of the role of Noah and his sons in the development of ‘race science’ in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This is followed by a discussion of ‘the curse of Ham’ and its connection to the slave trade.