Legal activity in the third quarter-century of the life of the Convention has greatly surpassed that of the first two quarter-centuries. This can be measured in terms of case law and scholarly writing. The interpretation of the Convention’s definition of genocide has remained quite narrow, and is essentially confined to physical genocide, destruction and extermination. There is potential for this to change in such a way as to extend the scope of the Convention to situations where groups are attacked with view to being driven from the territory where they have lived. This would require a degree of judicial activism. Care must be taken because of the danger of uncontrolled expansion of the definition. The phenomenon of politicized allegations of genocide is significant. Although there has been some resistance to the idea of a hierarchy of international crimes, genocide should remain ’the crime of crimes’.

No other Indian province suffered as severely as Assam did from visceral leishmaniasis, often known as kala-azar. During the colonial era, it wreaked havoc in Assam, destroying nearly every aspect of society and leaving the victims in destitution of an unseen level. The colonial administration took action to control it as soon as it started spreading as an epidemic, and these controls persisted until the end of colonial authority. However, it was unable to provide the anticipated results, and the illness persisted, continuing to pose a major threat to the Assamese population. This chapter attempts to explain the causes, mechanisms, and outcomes of the disease's Brahmaputra-wide spread. The effectiveness of British medical policy and contemporary medicine in halting its advancement is examined in that setting. The chapter also examines how the populace viewed the illness and how they reacted to government anti-kala-azar initiatives. In this context, a short account of the condition of Assam's people and the health scenario of the province as a whole would help understand the context of the outbreak of kala-azar and its perilous effects.

A Brief History of Assam: The Condition of the People and the Outbreak of Disease

Situated on the northeastern part of the British Empire in India and bordering the powerful neighbouring states of China, Burma, and Bhutan, Assam was the most important British possession in this region. The extraordinary fertility of the region, with its vast lowlands and agricultural productivity, made it very attractive to its people and even outsiders. Before the Burmese occupation in the early nineteenth century, Assam was under the Ahom rule (1228–1818) and was, on the whole, prosperous.

The automorphism group is one of the most natural groups that acts on polytopes, since it captures its level of symmetry. The connection group is another group that acts naturally on the flags of a polytope; it can be interpreted as a recipe to recover the structure of the polytope from its flags. The chirality index is a measure of how far a chiral polytope is from being regular, and it is linked to a group called the chirality group. This chapter addresses these three groups and their interactions.

Chapter 5, Potting Traditions, Craft Learning, and Product Innovation, investigates traditions in production through intergenerational learning and then considers how product innovations are introduced. Moving beyond models that privilege consumer demand as the primary driver for product change, this chapter balances consumer interests with those of the workshop and long-established local potting traditions.

There is a canonical and efficient way to extend a convergent presentation of a category by a 2-polygraph into a coherent one. Precisely, the 3-cells used in this extension procedure are in one-to-one correspondence with the confluence diagrams of critical branchings in the polygraph. Now, if the polygraph is finite, so is the set of its critical branchings, and therefore the set of 3-cells generating coherence can be taken to be finite. In such a situation, the polygraph is said to have finite derivation type, or FDT. The relevance of this concept, introduced by Squier, lies in the following invariance property: if a category admits a finite presentation having finite derivation type, then all finite presentations of also have FDT. This invariance will prove essential to show that some finitely presented categories do not admit convergent presentations. Using these conditions, Squier managed to produce an explicit example of a finitely presented monoid, with decidable word problem, but having no finite convergent presentation. This provides a negative answer to the question of universality of finite convergent rewriting.

What problem do today’s circuits address? The very general task of improving performance, through the application of negative feedback, of a great many of the circuits we have met to this point.

In our own version of this course, only a minority of the busy students choose to do projects. But a project can be heaps of fun. To help you conceive of one, here is some information on gadgets and ideas that might inspire a project builder, along with sketches of some great projects of yester-term.

In Chapter 2 the evolution of ship structures from the prehistoric period up to the present day is described. The aim of this chapter is to bring together the results of underwater archaeology with that of documents, images and models in order to underline the important stages in the evolution of waterborne craft, focusing on structural design and construction practice. The discussion concerning the prehistoric period deals mainly with Egypt and Greece. Fabrication methods used in antiquity are discussed (laced ships, mortise-and-tenon joint). A section is devoted to ship construction in Greece during the historical period (trieris and later ship types). This is followed by descriptions of ships built during the later Roman period and Byzantium covering the first ten centuries of the Christian era. Ship construction practice in Venice is discussed, followed by a discussion of ship construction in China. Evolution of ships in Western Europe included several ship types (cog, hulk, carrack, caravel and galleon). The impact of the introduction of iron and internal combustion engines is discussed. Theoretical developments in mechanics of materials and elasticity theory are discussed in relation to the practice of ship structural design during the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. The chapter ends with a discussion of computer-based techniques and the introduction of reliability theory.

This chapter presents techniques for proving the termination of 3-polygraphs. A first method is based on a certain type of well-founded orders called reduction orders. Attention then turns to functorial interpretations: these amount to construct a functor from the underlying category to another category which already bears a reduction order. This covers quite a few useful examples. To address more complex cases, a powerful technique, due to Guiraud, is presented, based on the construction of a derivation from the polygraph. Here, termination is obtained by specifying quantities on 2-cells which decrease during rewriting, based on information propagated by the 2-cells themselves.

Here, we’d like you to show you how to do one task many ways. This is a favorite device of exam-writers; this kind of question lets the teachers feel that there’s some coherence in the digital material. Students may not feel the same way about these questions.

In this chapter you will configure the Timer/Counter peripheral to interrupt the CPU at a constant rate to output a sampled sine wave from the DAC. On the way, you will land on the Moon.

In December 1946 the General Assembly requested that the Economic and Social Council prepare a draft genocide convention with a view to its adoption at the 1947 session of the Assembly. The Secretariat prepared a draft convention with the assistance of three experts in international criminal law, Raphael Lemkin, Henri Donnedieu de Vabres and Vespasian Pella. However, the Economic and Social Council did not complete consultations with Member States in 1947. In early 1948, the Council established an Ad Hoc Committee composed of representatives of several Member States which prepared a revised draft. This draft was then revised and adopted by the Sixth Committee of the General Assembly in December 1948. The Assembly also adopted resolutions calling for consideration of the establishment of an international criminal court and for the extension of the Convention to colonies. The Convention entered into force in January 1951 after the threshold of twenty ratifications or accessions had been achieved.

Deliberate rolling-off of op-amp gain as frequency rises: used to assure stability of feedback circuits despite dangerously-large phase shifts that occur at high frequencies.