The frontal lobe contains the prefrontal cortex, which aids with planning and problem solving, and matures/evolves late in development. It also contains Broca’s area, which is a language area and is predominantly responsible for speech production. It is positioned just above the olfactory bulb, which perceives scent. Interestingly it also functions to help with impulse control, thus knowing when to stop.

No unitary definition of terrorism exists in international law and it is unlikely that States will agree upon one in the future. Chapter 1 describes how and why definitions differ in peacetime and in armed conflict and between international terrorism and domestic terrorism. Each of these scenarios evinces particularities in the contours of terrorism under international law. The chapter also explains why the United Nations Comprehensive Convention against International Terrorism has not been successfully concluded.

The facial nerve is a mixed nerve with motor, visceral sensory, somatic sensory, and parasympathetic functions. The motor facial nucleus is located in caudal dorsal pons at the level of abducens nucleus. As the fibers emerge, they wrap around the abducens nucleus, forming the so-called facial colliculus. As the nerve exits the brainstem, it is accompanied by a smaller nerve called nervus intermedius. The main nerve carries the motor fibers from the facial nucleus. The nervus intermedius carries the sensory fibers and the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers.

The cavernous sinus is a dural venous sinus present in the base of the skull. There is a pair of cavernous sinuses, one on each side of the sella turcica (Latin meaning “Turkish saddle”), which contains the pituitary gland.

The Edinger–Westphal nucleus, also called the accessory oculomotor nucleus, is the primary provider of parasympathetic innervation to the sphincter muscles of the iris and to the ciliary muscles. It is located in the midbrain bilaterally and is a key component of the pupillary light reflex.

The filum terminale is a thin layer of connective tissue, continuous with the pia mater (the innermost meningeal layer) that travels inferiorly through the spinal canal (after the spinal cord ends via the conus medullaris at around L1–2), through the subarachnoid space, to attach to the coccyx. Its major function is to keep the spinal cord pulled taut. In Latin, filum terminale means “terminal thread.”

It is well known that every finite simple group has a generating pair. Moreover, Guralnick and Kantor proved that every finite simple group has the stronger property, known as $\frac{3}{2}$-generation, that every nontrivial element is contained in a generating pair. More recently, this result has been generalised in three different directions, which form the basis of this survey article. First, we look at some stronger forms of $\frac{3}{2}$-generation that the finite simple groups satisfy, which are described in terms of spread and uniform domination. Next, we discuss the recent classification of the finite $\frac{3}{2}$-generated groups. Finally, we turn our attention to infinite groups, and we focus on the recent discovery that the finitely presented simple groups of Thompson are also $\frac{3}{2}$-generated, as are many of their generalisations. Throughout the article we pose open questions in this area, and we highlight connections with other areas of group theory.

The chorda tympani is a branch of the facial nerve, CN7, the seventh son, which itself originates at the pons, which in Latin means “bridge.” Specifically, the chorda tympani branches off as the facial nerve passes through the mastoid bone posterior to the middle ear (mastoid segment of the facial nerve).

The nucleus basalis is a nucleus located in the basal forebrain, also known as the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM). This is a poorly defined area in the base of the forebrain and is thus also known as the substantia innominata.

The optic canal is located in the lesser wing of the sphenoid. Its walls are coated by the dura. Its chief contents are the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery, both of which travel anteriorly to the orbit.

Weinberg takes the standard first-year courses for physics students, studying mechanics, heat, light, and electromagnetism. While these are not the fancy modern topics, they are the essential foundations for everything else he would learn in physics. He joins Telluride House, a fraternity. In his sophomore year, he lets his studies slide (except for physics and math). He pulls out of this slump with the determination not to waste any more time and forms the habit of being a compulsive worker. He lands a summer job at Bell Telephone Laboratories. In his senior year, he learns quantum mechanics. He decides to apply to graduate school to study for a PhD in physics, and to marry Louise Goldwasser.

The abducens nerve originates in the pons (pons means “bridge” in Latin). The abducens nucleus is located in the caudal dorso-medial pons. The fibers travel ventrally through the corticospinal tract and exit at the ponto-medullary junction. The nerve then travels in the pre-pontine cistern and ascends toward the petro-clival confluence. This venous confluence is separated into a superior and inferior compartment by the Gruber’s ligament (also known as petroclinoid ligament). The abducens nerve travels in the inferior compartment where it is tethered to the Gruber’s ligament, known as Dorello’s canal. Afterward, the nerve enters the cavernous sinus. In the cavernous sinus, the nerve leaves its dural sleeve and runs very close to the internal carotid artery. The nerve exits the cavernous sinus with CN III, IV, and V1 via the superior orbital fissure to enter the orbit. In the orbit, it runs next to the superior ophthalmic vein and only innervates one muscle, the lateral rectus.

The cerebellum is covered by a dural reflection called the tentorium cerebelli, aka the tent. If the cerebellum descends into the foramen magnum, it can cause obstructive hydrocephalus by obstructing the flow of the cerebrospinal fluid. It functions to help with balance and posture and gets its name from Latin, meaning little brain. Though the cerebellum takes up only approximately 10% of the brain’s volume, it contains over 70% of its total neurons.

The hippocampus is located in the mesial temporal lobe and is an incredibly important hub for memory formation, especially in the encoding of new memories.

The medial geniculate nucleus (MGN), found in the posterior thalamus, serves as the relay point for auditory information between the inferior colliculus and the auditory cortex. Additional projections from the MGN diverge to the amygdala and mediate classically conditioned responses to auditory stimuli.

Located within the interhemispheric fissure, the paracentral lobule straddles the frontal and parietal lobe as an extension of both the precentral and postcentral gyri. It is here that both motor function (precentral) and sensation (postcentral) localize for the contralateral lower extremity. This area is perfused by divisions of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA), typically the callosomarginal artery.

The spinal accessory nerve is a unique cranial nerve that originates in the spinal cord and ascends up through the foramen magnum (the one with heft) then descends back through the jugular foramen. It only innervates two muscles (sternocleidomastoid [SCM] and trapezius).