The introduction offers a historical overview of terrorism through the ages and describes the development of international counterterrorism law. It discusses the interplay between terrorism and international crimes such as genocide and crimes against humanity. It also introduces some of the controversy surrounding terrorism as a term.

The substantia nigra gets its name from a Latin word meaning “black substance.” This is because when viewed as an unstained specimen, it appears as a darkened streak. Located in the midbrain, it lies lateral to the oculomotor nerve as it leaves the brainstem. It is further made up of two parts – substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and substantia nigra pars reticularis (SNpr).

The brachial plexus is composed of five nerve roots (C5–T1), which exit the cervical spine (except for T1), cross and combine in many locations, and travel laterally to the arm.

Also called the calcarine fissure, the calcarine sulcus is located on the medial surface of both occipital lobes, dividing the primary visual cortex into upper and lower portions, namely, the cuneus and the lingual gyrus, respectively. Deriving its name from the Latin word calcar meaning “spur,” it travels a slightly curved path stretching anteriorly to the parieto-occipital fissure and posteriorly to the occipital pole. Its blood supply comes from a branch of the posterior cerebral artery called the calcarine artery.

The septum pellucidum is a thin membrane located midline in the brain between the left and right anterior horns of the lateral ventricles. Made up of only two adhered membranes, the septum pellucidum gets its name from the Latin meaning “transparent wall” and is comprised mainly of ependymal cells and pia mater.

The mammillary bodies are two small ball-shaped structures that lie right next to one another just anterior to the midbrain; hence Two peas in a pod that lie side by side. They are part of the diencephalon, which comes from the Greek Dia, meaning between/across, and enkephalos, meaning brain. Thus, the diencephalon means across-brain or between-brain. The mammillary bodies are commonly affected by alcoholism, and subsequent thiamine deficiency can result in Wernicke’s encephalopathy, which is characterized by ophthalmoparesis and ataxia, which can progress, albeit rarely, to the irreversible stage of Korsakov psychosis, which is characterized by anterograde amnesia and confabulation. Hence With pints come lies and paralyzed eyes, And sideways you will lean.

The sciatic nerve is the largest and longest nerve in the body. After being formed by nerve roots L4–S3, it travels infero-laterally through the gluteal area, passing under the piriformis muscle (Latin for “pear-shaped”), which is often a site of compression. Pain often occurs in the proximal thigh with radiation into the leg posteriorly. There is usually no back pain. “Sciatica” is referred to as a clinical syndrome of back pain radiating into the thigh and leg. This is a radiculopathy (not sciatic neuropathy) caused by the impingement of one of the lumbo-sacral nerve roots. In that sense, the term “sciatica” is a misnomer.

The architecture of international counterterrorism law is the subject of Chapter 2. It is a branch of public international law that has emerged from an evolving special legal regime to regulate action to prevent and punish terrorism and to tackle terrorists. International counterterrorism law is a matrix of global terrorism treaties and dedicated United Nations Security Council resolutions that require the incorporation of offences into domestic law combined with the salient rules of international humanitarian law and the law of law enforcement. These rules, which regulate when and against whom force may be used in counterterrorism, are supplemented by (though are sometimes inconsistent with) the content of regional treaties and domestic legislation. The standards and laws are subject to the constraints and oversight of international human rights law. The chapter also describes the content and adherence of regional counterterrorism treaties.

The ulnar nerve is what is hit when people hit their elbow on an object, and it produces a tingling pain in their medial hand. Classically, this is called hitting your funny bone, but of course, it’s not a bone at all.

The foramina of Luschka and Magendie are three pathways through which CSF flows out of the fourth ventricle. The foramina of Luschka, also called the lateral apertures of Luschka, and named after the nineteenth-century German anatomist Hubert von Luschka, are left and right lateral pathways that allow CSF to flow out of the fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space via the cerebellopontine cisterns. These foramina lie just posterior to the origin of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX).

The radial nerve contains fibers from all three trunks (superior, middle, and inferior), and all five nerve roots of the brachial plexus. It innervates brachioradialis muscle, which is known as the beer-drinking muscle as it functions to flex the arm at the elbow in a semi-pronated position, as when holding a beer.

The thalamus (the Greek word meaning bridal couch or marriage chamber) is a paired structure that many refer to as “bean-shaped.” The pairing lie lateral to one another and are joined by the interthalamic adhesion, also called the intermediate mass. The thalamus composes the lateral walls of the third ventricle and is the location of the second synapse in the ascending sensory pathways.

The superior sagittal sinus is a key component of the dural venous sinus drainage system of the brain. It is positioned midline over the interhemispheric fissure and drains venous blood anterior to posterior, ending in the occipital area, where it meets the transverse sinuses at the confluence of sinuses (known as the torcular Herophili). At the torcular, the venous blood from the superior sagittal sinus drains into the right transverse sinus and the blood from the straight sinus drains into the left transverse sinus.

The suprascapular nerve is supplied by the C5 and C6 nerve roots and is the only nerve that originates from the upper trunk of the brachial plexus. After branching from the brachial plexus, it travels laterally with the suprascapular artery and vein, deep to the trapezius muscle, and passes through the suprascapular notch, bordered above by the suprascapular ligament, into the supraspinatus fossa. There, it innervates the supraspinatus muscle before continuing into the infraspinous fossa via the spinoglenoid notch and innervating the infraspinatus muscle.