We estimate the effect of temperature on the economic activity of Mexico utilizing 42 years of quarterly panel data of economic growth at the state level. Our findings elicit a concave relationship between economic growth and temperature that is maximized at around 20°C. Temperatures below or above this level are associated with lower growth rates. Temperature affects aggregate economic activity mainly through the effect it has on the growth of the primary and secondary sectors. In addition, the estimated sensitivity of economic growth to temperature has not decreased within our sample period which indicates that adaptation to climate change has been limited. When combining our panel estimates with temperature projections by the year 2100, our results suggest that quarterly economic growth might be reduced by 0.4 percentage points, on average, under an intermediate scenario of climate change with reductions as large as 1.0 percentage point during the spring and summer quarters.

This study examines the impact of temperature on human well-being using approximately 80 million geo-tagged tweets from Argentina spanning 2017–2022. Employing text mining techniques, we derive two quantitative estimators: sentiments and a social media aggression index. The Hedonometer Index measures overall sentiment, distinguishing positive and negative ones, while social media aggressive behavior is assessed through profanity frequency. Non-linear fixed effects panel regressions reveal a notable negative causal association between extreme heat and the overall sentiment index, with a weaker relationship found for extreme cold. Our results highlight that, while heat strongly influences negative sentiments, it has no significant effect on positive ones. Consequently, the overall impact of extremely high temperatures on sentiment is predominantly driven by heightened negative feelings in hot conditions. Moreover, our profanity index exhibits a similar pattern to that observed for negative sentiments.

Cathepsin B (CTSB) is a cysteine protease that is widely found in eukaryotes and plays a role in insect growth, development, digestion, metamorphosis, and immunity. In the present study, we examined the role of CTSB in response to environmental stresses in Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Six MpCTSB genes, namely MpCTSB-N, MpCTSB-16D1, MpCTSB-3098, MpCTSB-10270, MpCTSB-mp2, and MpCTSB-16, were identified and cloned from M. persicae. The putative proteins encoded by these genes contained three conserved active site residues, i.e. Cys, His, and Asn. A phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that the six MpCTSB proteins of M. persicae were highly homologous to other Hemipteran insects. Real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that the MpCTSB genes were expressed at different stages of M. persicae and highly expressed in winged adults or first-instar nymphs. The expression of nearly all MpCTSB genes was significantly upregulated under different environmental stresses (38°C, 4°C, and ultraviolet-B). This study shows that MpCTSB plays an important role in the growth and development of M. persicae and its resistance to environmental stress.

Clethodim is an important herbicide for managing Texas panicum. However, its efficacy is influenced by the weed size and environmental stress during application. Therefore, field and greenhouse studies were conducted in 2023 and 2024 to evaluate clethodim efficacy on various Texas panicum sizes. Clethodim was applied at Texas panicum sizes ranging from 5 cm to 60 cm. A sequential application was applied two weeks after the initial treatment for larger weed sizes (15 to 60 cm). In separate field and greenhouse studies, non-ionic surfactant (NIS), crop oil concentrate (COC), methylated seed oil (MSO), COC + ammonium sulfate (AMS), and MSO + AMS adjuvants were mixed with clethodim to determine efficacy on 10-15 cm and 20-30 cm Texas panicum. In the weed size study, sequential applications of clethodim increased Texas panicum control compared to a single application. At the 10-15 cm growth stage, a single application provided 90% Texas panicum control, whereas the sequential treatment improved control from 76% to 91% at the 15-20 cm growth stage. However, clethodim efficacy declined as Texas panicum size increased across single and sequential treatments. In the adjuvant studies, clethodim plus COC, COC+AMS, or MSO+AMS provided 91%, 93%, and 90% control at the 10-15 cm growth stage, respectively; however, efficacy decreased for 20-30 cm Texas panicum. Texas panicum efficacy was higher for clethodim plus MSO+AMS than clethodim plus MSO; however, AMS did not increase clethodim + COC efficacy. Overall, Texas panicum control with clethodim was most effective when weed height was 15 cm or less. A sequential application of clethodim was required for larger Texas panicum (>15 cm). Clethodim plus COC or MSO+AMS provided the highest control of Texas panicum. This study demonstrated that successful Texas panicum management depends on applying clethodim at the optimum size and selecting the appropriate oil-based adjuvant especially at larger Texas panicum sizes.

Leonurus cardiaca is a perennial mint species with a long history of use as a medicinal herb. It produces a wide variety of phytochemicals with pharmacological properties that are used to treat anxiety and sleep disorders, cardiac disorders, and to reduce inflammation. Surprisingly, scant information is available concerning its seed germination ecology. Hence, this study investigated the presence/kind of seed dormancy and the effects of several environmental factors on seed germination and seedling emergence. Seeds were collected from three populations, and they were subjected to germination and seedling emergence experiments in which environmental factors, including temperature, light, cold stratification, pH, osmotic stress, and depth of burial, were manipulated. Non-stratified seeds germinated over a range of alternating temperature regimes from 20/10 to 30/20°C, but they did not germinate at 15/5°C. Optimum germination occurred between 25/15 and 30/20°C. The presence or absence of light did not affect germination. Cold stratification at 4°C enhanced germination at the two coolest temperature regimes. Seed germination occurred over a solution pH range of 5–10 and exceeded 55% in buffer solutions with pH 6–10. Low levels of osmotic stress reduced germination; only 3–8% of seeds germinated at −0.2 MPa. Maximum seedling emergence occurred when seeds were placed on the soil surface, and emergence decreased with increased burial depths to 5 cm. Overall, seeds exhibited germination characteristics associated with type 2 non-deep physiological dormancy at maturity. Seeds primarily germinated at incubation temperatures of ≥ 25/15°C; however, conditionally dormant seeds became nondormant after prolonged exposure to cold stratification.

The olive black scale, Saissetia oleae (Olivier), is a significant pest of olive crops worldwide. The developmental, reproductive, and population growth parameters of S. oleae were evaluated under five constant temperature conditions (18°C to 33°C). Developmental durations significantly decreased with increasing temperatures. Female lifespan decreased from 161.6 days at 18°C to 104.3 days at 33°C, while male lifespan decreased from 96.8 days at 18°C to 49.4 days at 33°C. The highest sex ratio (proportion of females) of 0.35 was observed at 30°C, with pre-adult survival rates of 63%, while survival rates dropped to 28% at 18°C. Parthenogenesis was not observed in females. The total pre-oviposition and post-oviposition periods decreased with increasing temperature, with the longest oviposition period at 33°C (49.6 days). Maximum fecundity was recorded at 33°C (379.0 eggs/female), followed by 30°C (298.6 eggs/female), and decreased sharply at 18°C (90.1 eggs/female). The intrinsic rate of increase (r) was highest at 30 and 33°C (0.038 d⁻1), while the net reproductive rate (R0) peaked at 30°C (104.5 offspring/female). The predicted fecundity of the next generation showed significant potential growth at 27 and 30°C, with the population increasing 65.3 times at 30°C and 39.4 times at 27°C. The developmental threshold for S. oleae was highest for first-instar nymphs (7.58°C), while second-instar nymphs had lower thresholds (1.09–1.65°C), with total pre-adult development requiring 1250 degree-days for both males and females. These findings underscore the significant impact of temperature on the development and reproduction of S. oleae, with implications for pest management in olive orchards.

Understanding the complex dynamics of climate patterns under different anthropogenic emissions scenarios is crucial for predicting future environmental conditions and formulating sustainable policies. Using Dynamic Mode Decomposition with control (DMDc), we analyze surface air temperature patterns from climate simulations to elucidate the effects of various climate-forcing agents. This improves upon previous DMD-based methods by including forcing information as a control variable. Our study identifies both common climate patterns, like the North Atlantic Oscillation and El Niño Southern Oscillation, and distinct impacts of aerosol and carbon emissions. We show that these emissions’ effects vary with climate scenarios, particularly under conditions of higher radiative forcing. Our findings confirm DMDc’s utility in climate analysis, highlighting its role in extracting modes of variability from surface air temperature while controlling for emissions contributions and exposing trends in these spatial patterns as forcing scenarios change.

Changes in climate patterns have a significant impact on agricultural production. A comprehensive understanding of weather changes in arable farming is essential to ensure practical and effective strategies for farmers. Our research aimed to investigate how different fertilization interacts with environmental factors, examine their effects on wheat yield and varietal response over time, minimize nitrogen (N) fertilizer using alfalfa as a proceeding crop, and recommend an optimum N dose based on the latest weather conditions. A long-term experiment including 15 seasons (1961–2022) was studied, where a wheat crop followed alfalfa with different N applications. Our results indicated that the average temperature in the Caslav region has increased by 0.045°C per year, more significantly since 1987. Moreover, precipitation slightly decreased by 0.247 mm, but not significantly. The average November temperatures are gradually rising, positively affecting wheat grain yield. July precipitation negatively impacted grain yield only in years with extraordinary rainfall. Additionally, new wheat varieties (Contra, Mulan, Julie) yielded statistically more than the old variety (Slavia). Effectively managing nitrogen under various climate conditions is essential for promoting plant growth and reducing environmental N losses. The optimal N dosage was determined at 65 kg/ha N, resulting in an average yield of 9.1 t/ha following alfalfa as a preceding crop. Alfalfa reduces the need for N fertilization and contributes to sustainable conventional agriculture. Our findings will serve as a foundation for designing future climate change adaptation strategies to sustain wheat production.

Insects' development can be significantly impacted by various environmental factors, including temperature. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of temperature on the predatory thrips, Scolothrips longicornis Priesner (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), which feeds on the strawberry spider mite, Tetranychus turkestani Ugarov and Nikolski (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae). Under laboratory conditions (16:8 L:D, 75 ± 5% RH), the impact of various temperature regimens (15–37.5°C) on the development, population parameters, and mass production of S. longicornis was assessed. Additionally, an age-stage, two-sex life table of the species was constructed. The study revealed that S. longicornis' pre-adult developmental period decreased as temperature increased until 35°C, after which the developmental period increased. The longevity of both males and females displayed significant differences across the temperature range, with the longest lifespan observed at 15°C and the shortest at 37.5°C. At 26°C, the mean total fecundity of S. longicornis was significantly higher (53.52 eggs per female) than the fecundity observed at other temperature regimens. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ) demonstrated the highest values at 35°C. While R0 increased as the temperature rose from 15 to 30°C, it rapidly decreased at 35 and 37.5°C. The findings of this study suggest that temperature plays a crucial role in enhancing the rate of development and reproduction of S. longicornis, and a temperature range of 26–30°C could be considered optimal for rearing and mass production of S. longicornis.

The environment experienced by a plant before and after reproduction can have a profound effect on the behaviour of the progeny after shedding. Maternal environmental effects on seeds are important for phenology and fitness in plants, especially for bet-hedging reproductive strategies. Maternal tissues that disperse with seeds are important for dormancy in many species, particularly those with coat-imposed dormancy and those that disperse in indehiscent fruits. Maternal nitrogen status, temperature and photoperiod modify maternal tissues and also influence the developing zygote. During seed development on the mother, the progeny may acquire environmental information directly, but there is also evidence for maternal–filial signalling and the epigenetic inheritance of environmental information through the germline.

ATO4 compounds are a class of oxides which includes the rare earth element (REE) bearing phosphates and arsenates, REEPO4 and REEAsO4. In this study, we have investigated the isothermal high-pressure and the isobaric high-temperature behaviour of natural samples of xenotime-(Y) (ideally YPO4), chernovite-(Y) (YAsO4) and monazite-(Ce) (CePO4) from the hydrothermal veins cropping out at Mt. Cervandone in the Western Italian Alps. Experimental data based on in situ X-ray diffraction (both single-crystal and powder techniques with conventional or synchrotron radiation) have allowed us to fit the unit-cell volumes and axial thermal and compressional evolution and provide a suite of refined thermo-elastic parameters. A comprehensive analysis of the role played by the crystal chemistry on the thermo-elastic response of these minerals is discussed, along with the description of the main crystal-structural deformation mechanisms for both the zircon (xenotime and chernovite) and monazite (monazite) structural types. Pressure-induced phase transitions of xenotime-(Y) and chernovite-(Y) are discussed and compared with previous literature data, whereas a change in the compressional behaviour of monazite-(Ce) at ∼18 GPa, involving an increase in the coordination number of the REE-hosting A site, is presented and discussed.

Legionellosis is a respiratory infection caused by Legionella sp. that is found in water and soil. Infection may cause pneumonia (Legionnaires’ Disease) and a milder form (Pontiac Fever). Legionella colonizes water systems and results in exposure by inhalation of aerosolized bacteria. The incubation period ranges from 2 to 14 days. Precipitation and humidity may be associated with increased risk. We used Medicare records from 1999 to 2020 to identify hospitalizations for legionellosis. Precipitation, temperature, and relative humidity were obtained from the PRISM Climate Group for the zip code of residence. We used a time-stratified bi-directional case-crossover design with lags of 20 days. Data were analyzed using conditional logistic regression and distributed lag non-linear models. A total of 37 883 hospitalizations were identified. Precipitation and relative humidity at lags 8 through 13 days were associated with an increased risk of legionellosis. The strongest association was precipitation at day 10 lag (OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.05–1.11 per 1 cm). Over 20 days, 3 cm of precipitation increased the odds of legionellosis over four times. The association was strongest in the Northeast and Midwest and during summer and fall. Precipitation and humidity were associated with hospitalization among Medicare recipients for legionellosis at lags consistent with the incubation period for infection.

Slender Russian thistle (Salsola collina Pall.) is a troublesome weed distributed mainly in the cropping regions of northern China that produces heteromorphic seeds in the same plant. However, limited information is available on the germination ecology of heteromorphic seeds in S. collina. Thus, the present study was conducted to verify the effect of alternating temperature conditions, light conditions, winged perianth, salt concentrations, water stress, and burial depths on the seed germination or seedling emergence of S. collina. The results showed that S. collina produced two different types of fruits/seeds that significantly differed in seed size, seed color, external structure, and germination/dormancy behavior. The type A seeds (green seeds) were nondormant, and the germination percentage was >96% at all alternating day/night temperatures and light conditions; whereas type B seeds (yellow seeds) exhibited dormancy characteristics and poor germination (≤1%). Moreover, the winged perianth did not inhibit the germination of S. collina green seeds. The germination of green seeds declined rapidly when NaCl concentration exceeded 100 mM, and only 2.22% germination was observed at 600 mM NaCl. About 62.00% of green seeds germinated at −0.6 MPa, and 8.00% germination was obtained at −1.2 MPa. The seedling emergence declined with an increase of burial depth, and decreased sharply when the burial depth exceeded 1.0 cm. Only 8.33% seedling emergence occurred at a burial depth of 4.0 cm. The results gathered from present study will help to illustrate the ecological adaptation strategy of S. collina and indicate that shallow tillage can effectively minimize the seedling emergence of S. collina.

Studies on climate variables and food pathogens are either pathogen- or region-specific, necessitating a consolidated view on the subject. This study aims to systematically review all studies on the association of ambient temperature and precipitation on the incidence of gastroenteritis and bacteraemia from Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Vibrio, and Listeria species. PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched up to 9 March 2023. We screened 3,204 articles for eligibility and included 83 studies in the review and three in the meta-analysis. Except for one study on Campylobacter, all showed a positive association between temperature and Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio sp., and Campylobacter gastroenteritis. Similarly, most of the included studies showed that precipitation was positively associated with these conditions. These positive associations were found regardless of the effect measure chosen. The pooled incidence rate ratio (IRR) for the three studies that included bacteraemia from Campylobacter and Salmonella sp. was 1.05 (95 per cent confidence interval (95% CI): 1.03, 1.06) for extreme temperature and 1.09 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.19) for extreme precipitation. If current climate trends continue, our findings suggest these pathogens would increase patient morbidity, the need for hospitalization, and prolonged antibiotic courses.

We investigated how environmental conditions translate into reproductive success or failure in Aurelia aurita from the medusa to the polyp life stage. This study examined how: (i) settlement success and development of planula larvae and polyps vary across the year, (ii) the role of temperature in determining the successful settlement of larvae and growth of polyps, and (iii) the influence of maternal provisioning in the successful settlement of larvae and growth of polyps. Medusae were collected monthly from February to December 2019 from Horsea Lake, UK. Planula larvae were settled in conditions mimicking the in situ temperature and salinity of collection. For the individual treatments, planula collected in August settled most rapidly. Early development rates (<8 tentacles) were significantly higher than later growth rates (>8 tentacles) and were positively correlated with temperature, unlike later growth rates. Planula length, used as an indicator of maternal provisioning, varied significantly across the year. In July 2019, a high temperature anomaly coincided with an increased time spent by planula larvae in the water column. Increasing temperatures past thermal limits through the increasing occurrence of temperature anomalies is likely to be detrimental to larval settlement and indirectly to the replenishment of temperate polyp populations.