Let I be a set and

be a family of sets Aν labelled by the elements of I. Throughout, parentheses ( ) denote families and curly brackets {} denote sets. A transversal, or system of distinct representatives, of F is, by definition, a family (xν: ν ∈ I) of objects xν, for ν ∈ I, such that †

Thus the family ({1, 2,} {1, 2}) has exactly two transversals, namely (1,2) and (2, 1). Let TF denote the set of all transversals of F. Much work has been done on the question of characterizing those F for which TF ≠ Ø. We are here going to characterize those F for which TF has exactly one element. In contrast to the more familiar case TF ≠ Ø, our argument is effective irrespective of the cardinalities of I and Aν.

Following Robinson(4), we shall use the term Abelian1-group to describe an Abelian group A of finite (Mal'cev special or Prüfer) rank, whose torsion subgroup T is Černikov. These groups were called Abelian groups of type A3 by Mal'cev (3). Let G = Aut A. It is not hard to see that G/CG(A/T) and G/CG(T) are linear groups, and CG(A/T) ∩ CG(T) is Abelian. We improve on this observation by proving

Theorem 1. The group G contains a normal Abelian Černikov subgroup G0, such that G/G0is linear over a field of characteristic zero.

For countable admissible α, one can add a new infinitary propositional connective to so that the extended language obeys the Barwise compactness theorem, and the set of valid sentences is complete α-r.e.

Aside from obeying the compactness theorem and a completeness theorem, ordinary finitary predicate calculus is also truth-functionally complete.

In (1), Barwise shows that for countable admissible A, provides a fragment of which obeys a compactness theorem and a completeness theorem. However, we of course lose truth-functional completeness, with respect to infinitary propositional connectives that operate on infinite sequences of propositional variables. This raises the question of studying extensions of the language obtained by adding infinitary propositional connectives, in connexion with the Barwise compactness and completeness theorems, and other metatheorems, proved for Some aspects of this project are proposed in (3). It is the purpose of this paper to answer a few of the more basic questions which arise in this connexion.

We have not attempted to study the preservation of interpolation or implicit definability. This could be quite interesting if done systematically.

The Frattini subgroup φ(G) of a group G is the intersection of G and all its maximal subgroups. The following results for finite groups are well known:

THEOREM A0. If G is a finite group, then the following three conditions are equivalent:

(i) G is nilpotent,

(ii) G/φ(G) is nilpotent,

(iii) φ(G) ≥ G′.

1. Introduction. The Nullstellensatz in commutative algebraic geometry may be described as a means of studying certain commutative rings (viz. affine algebras) by their homomorphisms into algebraically closed fields, and a number of attempts have been made to extend the result to the non-commutative case. In particular, Amitsur and Procesi have studied the case of general rings, with homomorphisms into matrix rings over commutative fields ((1), (2)) and Procesi has obtained more precise results for homomorphisms of PI-rings (11). Since a finite-dimensional division algebra can always be embedded in a matrix ring over a field, this includes the case of skew fields that are finite-dimensional over their centre, but it tells us nothing about general skew fields.

The aim of this paper is to present a common generalization of and , the Stirling numbers of the first and the second kind ((1), ex. 186–210, pp. 42–45).

This paper is a continuation of (2), (3) in the development of a unified theory of the characters of the Weyl groups of the simple Lie algebras using their common structure as reflection groups; compare Carter (1) for a similar development for the conjugacy classes. We look at the Weyl group of type D, which is a subgroup of index two in the Weyl group of type C. It was first studied by Young (4), but rather less is known about the characters of this group than those of types A and C. Indeed, the situation is rather more complicated, but we are able to give, as before, an algorithm to determine irreducible constituents of the principal character of a Weyl subgroup induced up to the whole group. We shall also study the case where the rank of the Weyl group is even, when extra irreducible characters may arise, and after constructing these, we shall state some results on their occurrence in the induced principal character.

A group G is said to be complete if the centre of G is trivial and every automorphism of G is inner; this means that G is naturally isomorphic to Aut G, the group of automorphisms of G. In response to a question of Rose (10) we shall describe the construction of an example demonstrating the following result. (Rose has pointed out that the problem was mentioned earlier by Miller (8).)

A Hadamard matrix Hn is an n by n matrix H = [hij], i, j = 1, …, n in which every entry hij is + 1 or − 1, such that

It is well known that possible orders are n = 1, 2 and n = 4m. An automorphism α of H is given by a pair P, Q of monomial ± 1 matrices such that

Here P permutes and changes signs of rows, while Q acts similarly on columns.

1. Cremona's projection of 15 lines on a nodal cubic surface onto a plane π is a striking example of the resolution of a highly complicated figure into its constituent simplicities, for it explains, almost at a glance, so many properties of Pascal's mystic hexagram. These may appropriately be called ((12); (10), p. 162) the Veronese properties and have been described on several occasions ((12); (6); (10); (1), pp. 219–236; (2), pp. 349–355).

In papers (7, 8), Vizing studied graphs which are critical with respect to edge colourings. In particular, he obtained bounds on the number of edges and on the circuit length of such graphs in terms of its maximum valency. The object of this paper is to improve these bounds by obtaining others which also take into account the order of the graph.

Let A, B be real symmetric n × n matrices having orthogonal reductions

where ΛA = diag (λ1(A), …, λn(A)) and ΛB = diag (λ1(B), …, λn(B)) and the sets of latent roots are each in descending order. (Thus we may say that the latent vectors of A, B are ordered with respect to respectively.) Let the multiplicities of the roots and in order of occurrence be respectively and , so that

Mahler (5) proved in 1957 that for any rational a/q, where a, q are relatively prime integers with a > q ≥ 2, and any ε > 0, there exist only finitely many positive integers n such that ∥(a/q)n∥ < e−εn; here ∥x∥ denotes the distance of x from the nearest integer taken positively. In particular there exist only finitely many n such that

and, as Mahler observed, this implies that the number g(k) occurring in Waring's problem is given by

for all but a finite number of values of k. It would plainly be of interest to establish a bound for the exceptional k and this would follow from an upper estimate for the integers n for which (1) holds. But Mahler's work was based on Ridout's generalization of Roth's theorem and, as is well known, the latter result is ineffective.

The main part of this paper shows how an inequality of statistical mechanics has several applications in combinatorial theory.

The inequality (known as the FKG inequality) was derived by Fortuin, Kasteleyn and Ginibre(4) in their work on the statistical mechanics of Ising ferromagnets. We first show how it leads to new properties of log supermodular functions, Bernstein polynomials, and log convex sequences.

1. Introduction. The main purpose of this paper is to present a generalization of Hirzebruch's signature theorem for the case of manifolds with boundary. Our result is in the framework of Riemannian geometry and can be viewed as analogous to the Gauss–Bonnet theorem for manifolds with boundary, although there is a very significant difference between the two cases which is, in a sense, the central topic of the paper. To explain this difference let us begin by recalling that the classical Gauss–Bonnet theorem for a surface X with boundary Y asserts that the Euler characteristic E(X) is given by a formula:

where K is the Gauss curvature of X and σ is the geodesic curvature of Y in X. In particular if, near the boundary, X is isometric to the product Y x R+, the boundary integral in (1.1) vanishes and the formula is the same as for closed surfaces. Similar remarks hold in higher dimensions. Now if X is a closed oriented Riemannian manifold of dimension 4, there is another formula relating cohomological invariants with curvature in addition to the Gauss–Bonnet formula. This expresses the signature of the quadratic form on H2(X, R) by an integral formula

where p1 is the differential 4-form representing the first Pontrjagin class and is given in terms of the curvature matrix R by p1 = (2π)−2Tr R2. It is natural to ask if (1.2) continues to hold for manifolds with boundary, provided the metric is a product near the boundary. Simple examples show that this is false, so that in general

Familiarity with the category of simplicial sets and the Milnor realization functor, as in e.g. (5), is assumed. We say f: |Y| → |Z| is realized if f = |g| for some g.

My aim in this paper is to give an abstract characterization of the C∞ spaces described in (6) or (9), and to develop some of the remarkable special properties of these spaces. Although the subject is in some ways highly specialized, inextensible and sequentially inextensible spaces seem common enough (they include all spaces of the forms Rx and L0) to be worth studying, and I have already employed them in the proof of more general results (1).

In the first section I set out those properties that can be described in simple Riesz space terms; much of this work has already been published in slightly different forms. In the second part I go on to questions that arise when we impose a topology on an inextensible Riesz space. Finally, in the third section, I discuss some problems, arising from the work before, which are related to the famous measurable cardinal problem.

When k is a 2-bridge knot with group πK, there are parabolic representations (p-reps) θ: πK → PSL(): = PSL(2, ). The most obvious problem that this suggests is the determination of a presentation for an image group πKθ. We shall settle the easiest outstanding case in section 2 below, viz. k the figure-eight knot 41, which has the 2-bridge normal form (5, 3). We shall prove that the (two equivalent) p-reps θ for this knot are isomorphisms of πK on πKθ. Furthermore, the universal covering space of S3\k can be realized as Poincaré's upper half space 3, and πKθ is a group of hyperbolic isometries of 3 which is also the deck transformation group of the covering 3 → S3\k. The group πKθ is a subgroup of two closely related groups that we study in section 3. We shall give fundamental domains, presentations, and other information for all these groups.

Let Ω be a Riemann matrix whose 2n columns are vectors of Cn. It is well-known (e.g. (10)) that the field of meromorphic functions on Cn with these vectors among their periods is of transcendence degree n over C. More precisely, this field can be written as C(A, B) where A = (A1, …, An) is a vector of algebraically independent functions of the variable z = (z1, …, zn) and B is algebraic over C(A). We shall assume that B is in fact integral of degree d over the ring C[A]. Since the derivatives ∂f/∂zi of a periodic function f(z) are also periodic, the field is mapped into itself by the differential operators ∂/∂zi. Thus there exists a function C(z) in C[A] such that these operators map the ring C[A, B, C−1] into itself.

1. Introduction. The spaces L1 and L2 of unbounded operators associated with a regular gauge space (von Neumann algebra equipped with a faithful normal semi-finite trace) are defined by Segal(5) definitions 3.3, 3.7. The spaces Lp (1 < p < ∞, p ± 2) are defined by Dixmier(2) as the abstract completions of their bounded parts. Dixmier makes use of the Riesz convexity theorem to prove the Hölder inequality, and the uniform convexity, and hence reflexivity, of LLp (2 < p < ∞).