This paper presents a polarized phase semantics, with respect to which the linear fragment of second order polarized linear logic of Laurent [15] is complete. This is done by adding a topological structure to Girard's phase semantics [9], The topological structure results naturally from the categorical construction developed by Hamano–Scott [12]. The polarity shifting operator ↓ (resp. ↑) is interpreted as an interior (resp. closure) operator in such a manner that positive (resp. negative) formulas correspond to open (resp. closed) facts. By accommodating the exponentials of linear logic, our model is extended to the polarized fragment of the second order linear logic. Strong forms of completeness theorems are given to yield cut-eliminations for the both second order systems. As an application of our semantics, the first order conservativity of linear logic is studied over its polarized fragment of Laurent [16]. Using a counter model construction, the extension of this conservativity is shown to fail into the second order, whose solution is posed as an open problem in [16]. After this negative result, a second order conservativity theorem is proved for an eta expanded fragment of the second order linear logic, which fragment retains a focalized sequent property of [3].

The half-open real unit interval (0,1] is closed under the ordinary multiplication and its residuum. The corresponding infinite-valued propositional logic has as its equivalent algebraic semantics the equational class of cancellative hoops. Fixing a strong unit in a cancellative hoop—equivalently, in the enveloping lattice-ordered abelian group—amounts to fixing a gauge scale for falsity. In this paper we show that any strong unit in a finitely presented cancellative hoop H induces naturally (i.e., in a representation-independent way) an automorphism-invariant positive normalized linear functional on H. Since H is representable as a uniformly dense set of continuous functions on its maximal spectrum, such functionals—in this context usually called states—amount to automorphism-invariant finite Borel measures on the spectrum. Different choices for the unit may be algebraically unrelated (e.g., they may lie in different orbits under the automorphism group of H), but our second main result shows that the corresponding measures are always absolutely continuous w.r.t. each other, and provides an explicit expression for the reciprocal density.

The method of analytic tableaux is employed in many introductory texts and has also been used quite extensively as a basis for automated theorem proving. In this paper, we discuss the complexity of the system as a method for refuting contradictory sets of clauses, and resolve several open questions. We discuss the three forms of analytic tableaux: clausal tableaux, generalized clausal tableaux, and binary tableaux. We resolve the relative complexity of these three forms of tableaux proofs and also resolve the relative complexity of analytic tableaux versus resolution. We show that there is a quasi-polynomial simulation of tree resolution by analytic tableaux; this simulation is close to optimal, since we give a matching lower bound that is tight to within a polynomial.

In [1], Lemmon provides us with his now well-known formulations of the Lewis-modal systems S1 through S4. This paper will present similar bases for the related systems S1° and S2° of Feys [2], and S3° and S4° of Sobocinski [3]. Notation and definitions here will be as in [1]. Standard bases for the Lewis-modal systems may be drawn from the following stock of axioms and rules, as is done in [1].

Lindström’s theorem obviously fails as a characterization of first-order logic without identity ($\mathcal {L}_{\omega \omega }^{-} $). In this note, we provide a fix: we show that $\mathcal {L}_{\omega \omega }^{-} $ is a maximal abstract logic satisfying a weak form of the isomorphism property (suitable for identity-free languages and studied in [11]), the Löwenheim–Skolem property, and compactness. Furthermore, we show that compactness can be replaced by being recursively enumerable for validity under certain conditions. In the proofs, we use a form of strong upwards Löwenheim–Skolem theorem not available in the framework with identity.

Let n be a positive integer. By a βn-model we mean an ω-model which is elementary with respect to formulas. We prove the following βn-model version of Gödel's Second Incompleteness Theorem. For any recursively axiomatized theory S in the language of second order arithmetic, if there exists a βn-model of S, then there exists a βn-model of S + “there is no countable βn-model of S”. We also prove a βn-model version of Löb's Theorem. As a corollary, we obtain a βn-model which is not a βn+1-model.

In a previous paper it was shown that the system K of basic logic could be formulated in a simpler way owing to the fact that the proper ancestral could be defined in terms of the other concepts of that system. In the present paper analogous but more far-reaching results will be obtained for the system K′ of extended basic logic. In particular we will show that negation and the dual of the proper ancestral, as well as the proper ancestral itself, are definable in terms of the other concepts of K′. Hence, in order to define K′, we need to add only a single non-finitary rule to the rules used to define K. This rule was already among the rules originally used to define K′. It asserts that ‘Aa’ is in K′ if (and only if) every ‘b’ is such that ‘ab’ is in K′.

We will also show that a large class of non-finitary classes and relations are represented in K′, among which is K′ itself, just as all finitary syntactical classes and all finitary two- and three-place syntactical relations are represented in K, one of which is the finitary syntactical class K itself. The point is that K′ is adequate to handle the sort of transfinite induction that is essential in formulating K′, just as K is adequate to handle the ordinary finitary mathematical induction required in defining K′.

Faris [1] presents a system for non-void classes employing four primitive functors with another defined, and based on ten asserted and eleven rejected axioms, with a special rule of rejection analogous to Słupecki's for the syllogistic. Primitive functors are here reduced to three, axioms are simplified, and it is shown that the system is decidable by the easier syllogistic means, e.g. the tabular method of Thomas [3].

From the theses (original numbering to the right with axioms starred)

we can deduce