1. Introduction. Let be a probability space with standard. Let T be a bimeasurable one-to-one map of Ω onto itself. Let U: Ω → Ω be another measurable transformation whose orbits are contained in the T-orbits; that is,

where Z denotes the set of integers. (This is equivalent to saying that there is a measurable mapping L: Ω → Z such that U(ω) = TL(ω)(ω), ω ∈ Ω.) Such pairs (T, U) arise quite naturally in ergodic theory and information theory. (For example, in ergodic theory, one can see such pairs in the study of the full group of a transformation [1]; in information theory, such a pair can be associated with the input and output of a variable-length source encoder [2] [3].) Neveu [4] obtained necessary and sufficient conditions for U to be measure-preserving if T is measure-preserving. However, if U fails to be measure-preserving, U might still possess many of the features of measure-preserving transformations.

Soit {f1(x),f2(x), …,fm(x)} un système de Tchebycheff de dimension m, c'est-à-dire les fonctions fj(x) sont des fonctions réelles continues définies sur un intervalle ouvert (a, b) et toute fonction de la forme admet au plus m — 1 racines dans (a, b) lorsqu'au moins un des coefficients Cj diffère de 0. Notre point de départ est un théorème dû à Krein [3]. On se limite au cas où la dimension m est paire, m = 2n. Ce théorème dit que la totalité Ω des points de R2n qui se représentent ainsi sont n points distincts de (a, b) et où pi > 0, 1 ≦ i≦n, forme effectivement un ouvert convexe de R2n. Les systèmes d'équations que nous voulons traiter sont justement les équations:

I

The purpose of this paper is to study the operator Δ + q. Here Δ is the Laplace–Beltrami operator on a compact Lie group G and q is a matrix coefficient of a representation of G. We are able to calculate the powers of Δ + q acting on the function qku. This is done in Section 2 and the reader is refered there for definitions of the special functions q and u.

The interest in the operator Δ + q comes originally from physics and in particular from the Schrödinger equation. This is described in [4]. Here we are restricting ourselves to mathematical questions and shall not consider any applications to physics.

In this paper we take the heat equation with potential as

(1.1)

with , the upper half plane, and initial data f(x, 0) = qk(x)u(x).

A symmetric game consists of a set of pure strategies indexed by {0, …, n} and a real payoff matrix (aij). When two players choose strategies i and j the payoffs are aij and aji to the i-player and j-player respectively. In classical game theory of Von Neumann and Morgenstern [16] the payoffs are measured in units of utility, i.e., desirability, or in units of some desirable good, e.g. money. The problem of game theory is that of a rational player who seeks to choose a strategy or mixture of strategies which will maximize his return. In evolutionary game theory of Maynard Smith and Price [13] we look at large populations of game players. Each player's opponents are selected randomly from the population, and no information about the opponent is available to the player. For each one the choice of strategy is a fixed inherited characteristic.

The central result is the existence and uniqueness for an arbitrary l-group G of two hulls, Ḡ and Ḡω, which in the representable case coincide with the orthocompletion and strongly protectable hull of G. This is done by introducing two notions of extension, written ≼ and ≼ω, and proving that each G has a maximal ≼ extension Ḡ and a maximal ≼ω extension Ḡω. Two constructions of Ḡ and Ḡω are-given: an l-permutation construction leads to descriptive structural information, and a construction by “consistent maps” leads to a strong universal mapping property.

The notion of a strongly projectable hull has a lengthy history. The concept of an orthocompletion, together with the first proof of its existence and uniqueness, is due to Bernau [4]. Conrad summarized and extended all these results in an important paper [10].

Introduction. In [1] we defined a capacity in Cn. Recently Molzon, Shiffman and Sibony [8] have introduced a different capacity which is useful for certain Bezout estimates. The object of this note is to apply the methods of [1] to study the capacity of [8]. We shall obtain an equivalent definition of this capacity via Tchebycheff polynomials, along the lines of [1]. Half of this equivalence was independently obtained by Sibony [9].

To establish the full equivalence of these two approaches to capacity a notion of Jensen measures in a setting more general than uniform algebras is needed. We shall consider Jensen measures for multiplicative semigroups; these are sets of functions in which only the multiplicative structure is postulated. It will also be useful to generalize the notion of polynomial hull in Cn to a hull with respect to a multiplicative semigroup of polynomials. We can then adapt the approach of [1] to these semigroups.

0. Introduction. Functors form an equivalence of categories (see [8,]) if Γ(Φ(A)) ≅ A and Φ (Γ(B)) ≅ B naturally for all objects A from and B from . Letting denote the opposite of we say that and are dual if there is an equivalence between and .

Let τ be a similarity type of finitary operation symbols. We let Lτ denote the first order language (with equality) using nonlogical symbols from τ, and consider the class of all algebras of type τ as a category by declaring the morphisms to be all homomorphisms in the usual sense (i.e., those functions preserving the atomic sentences of Lτ). If is a class in (i.e., and is closed under isomorphism), we view as a full subcategory of , and we define the order of to be the number of symbols occurring in τ.

Let

where x: = cos θ, denote the nth degree Chebyshev polynomials of the first and second kind, respectively. Further, let

Given non-negative integers λ and μ we define

and

1. Let X be a topological space, and let X′ be the set of all non-convergent ultrafilters on X. If A ⊆ X, let , and A* = A ∪ A′. If is a filter on X such that for all , then let. be the filter on X* generated by ; let be the filter on X* generated by . If exists then ; otherwise, .

A convergence is defined on X* as follows: If x ∈ X, then a filter A → x in X* if and only if , where Vx(x) is the X neighborhood filter at x; , then in X* if and only if .

An ovoid in an orthogonal vector space V of type Ω+(2n, q) or Ω(2n – 1, q) is a set Ω of qn–1 + 1 pairwise non-perpendicular singular points. Ovoids probably do not exist when n > 4 (cf. [12], [6]) and seem to be rare when n = 4. On the other hand, when n = 3 they correspond to affine translation planes of order q2, via the Klein correspondence between PG(3, q) and the Ω+(6, q) quadric.

In this paper we will describe examples having n = 3 or 4. Those with n = 4 arise from PG(2, q3), AG(2, q3), or the Ree groups. Since each example with n = 4 produces at least one with n = 3, we are led to new translation planes of order q2.

Introduction. Let f be a modulus, ei = (δij) and E = {ei, i = 1, 2, …}. The L(f) spaces were created (to the best of our knowledge) by W. Ruckle in [2] in order to construct an example to answer a question of A. Wilansky. It turned out that these spaces are interesting spaces. For example lp, 0 < p ≦ 1 is an L(f) space with f(x) = xp, and every FK space contains an L(f) space [2]. A natural question is: For which f is L(f) a locally convex space? It is known that L(f) ⊆ l1, for all f modulus (see [2]), and l1 is the smallest locally convex FK space in which E is bounded (see [1]). Thus the question becomes: For which f does L(f) equal l1? In this paper we characterize such f. (An FK space need not be locally convex here.) We also characterize those f for which L(f) contains a convex ball. The final result of this paper is to show that if f satisfies f(x · y) ≦ f(x) · f(y) and L(f) ≠ l1 then L(f) contains no infinite dimensional subspace isomorphic to a Banach space.

It is convenient and not without precedent (see [2], [1], and also [6]) to call a loop which is isomorphic to all of its loop isotopes a G-loop. Since all groups are readily seen to be G-loops, the only interest in such loops, from a loop-theoretic standpoint, resides with those which are not associative. Examples and ad hoc constructions of such loops have appeared sporadically in the literature (see, for instance, [1], [2], [4], [6], [8], [9], and [13]).

Any finite loop of order n < 5 is a group and, hence, must also be a G-loop. R. L. Wilson [11, 12, 13] proved that a finite G-loop of prime order is necessarily a group; he also exhibited for each even integer n > 5 a G-loop of order n which is not associative and then raised questions concerning the existence of finite G-loops which are not groups for every possible composite order n > 5.

Nous renvoyons le lecteur à [4] pour toutes les définitions non expliquées ci-dessous.

Un demi-groupe inverse S est un demi-groupe pour lequel pour tout élément a ∊ S il existe un seul inverse a–1, c'est-à-dire un élément a–l qui satisfait aux conditions aa–1a = a et a–1aa–1 = a–1. Une application λ : S → S, x → λx est appelée une translation à gauche si λ(xy) = (λx)y; une application ρ : S → S, x → xρ est dite translation à droite si (xy)ρ = x(yρ). Les translations à gauche (à droite) forment un demi-groupe Λ(S) [P(S)]. L'ensemble

forme un sous-demi-groupe de Λ(S) × P(S) qui est appelé l'enveloppe de translations de S. Si pour tout a ∊ S on définit λa : S → S, x → ax, et ρa : S → S, x → xa, on appelle

la partie interne de Ω(S).

Let G be the Lie group SL(2, R) and Γ a discrete subgroup of arithmetic type. The homogeneous space Γ\G can be equipped with an invariant measure so that there is a Hilbert space of square integrable functions, denoted L2(Γ\G), on which G acts by right translations. If Γ\G is compact then this Hilbert space breaks up into a countable direct sum of irreducible representations of G, each occurring with finite multiplicity. Quite often however Γ\G is not compact, but of finite volume; in this case L2(Γ\G) splits into a discrete spectrum Ld2 which behaves as if Γ\G were compact, and a continuous spectrum Lc2 which is described by the so called theory of Eisenstein series. These are generalized eigenfunctions of the Casimir operator of G, which are parametrized by a right half plane in C, and as such are analytic functions on this half-plane; in the course of describing the continuous spectrum Lc2 however, one analytically continues them to meromorphic functions over all of C, and shows them to satisfy functional equations.

Let M be a w*-algebra (Von Neumann algebra), τ a semifinite, faithful, normal trace on M. There exists a w*-dense (i.e., dense in the σ(M, M*)-topology, where M* is the predual of M) *-ideal J of M such that τ is a linear functional on J, and

(where |x| = (x*x)1/2) is a norm on J. The completion of J in this norm is Lp(M, τ) (see [2], [8], [7], and [4]).

If M is abelian, in which case there exists a measure space (X, μ) such that M = L∞(X, μ), then Lp(X, τ) is isometric, in a natural way, to Lp(X, μ). A natural question to ask is whether this situation persists if M is non-abelian. In a previous paper [5] it was shown that it is not possible to have a linear mapping

Let A be the co-ordinate ring of a reduced curve over a field k. This means that A is an algebra of finite type over k, A has no nilpotent elements, and that if P is a minimal prime ideal of A, then A/P is an integral domain of Krull dimension one. Let M be a maximal ideal of A. Then G(A) (the graded ring of A relative to M) is defined to be . We get the same graded ring if we first localize at M, and then form the graded ring of AM relative to the maximal ideal MAM. That is

Let Ā be the integral closure of A. If P1, P2, …, Ps are the minimal primes of A then

where A/Pi is a domain and is the integral closure of A/Pi in its quotient field.

1. Introduction. This paper deals with the lack of uniqueness of the representations of the complex numbers in positional notation using Gaussian integers as bases.

Kátai and Szabó [3] proved that all the complex numbers can be written in radix form using the base –n + i with the natural numbers 0, 1, 2, …, n2 as digits. They remarked that they did not assert the uniqueness of these representations but gave no further indications of any multiple expansions. The geometry of these complex bases [2] indicates that some numbers have two expansions in a given base, while a few numbers even have three different expansions.

Let A be a uniform algebra on a compact Hausdorff space X. The spectrum, or the maximal ideal space, MA, of A is given by

We define the measure spectrum, SA, of A by

SA is the set of all representing measures on X for all Φ ∈ MA. (A representing measure for Φ ∈ MA is a probability measure μ on X satisfying

The concept of representing measure continues to be an effective tool in the study of uniform algebras. See for example [12, Chapters 2 and 3], [5, pp. 15-22] and [3]. Most of the known results on the subject of representing measures, however, concern measures associated with a single homomorphism.

Dans [11] (page 32 formule (5)), Tricomi donne la formule suivante:

0.1

Dans [8] (page 704, formule 36) Meixner donne une formule analogue.

La formule (0.1) peut donc être considérée comme la formule de Meixner-Tricomi, la formule de Meixner citée étant antérieure, semblet-il, à celle de Tricomi.

L'objet de ce travail est de généraliser le résultat (0.1) qui sera considéré comme la formule de Meixner-Tricomi.

Pour cela, on va considérer l'équation différentielle ordinaire suivante:

0.2

In [2], [8] and [10], Forelli, Rudin and Schneider described the isometries of the Hp spaces over balls and polydiscs. Koranyi and Vagi [6] noted that their methods could be used to describe the isometries of the Hp spaces over bounded symmetric domains. Recently Kolaski [4] observed that the algebraic techniques used above and Rudin's theorem on equimeasurability extended to the Bergman spaces over bounded Runge domains. In this paper we use the same general argument to characterize the onto linear isometries of the weighted Bergman spaces over balls and polydiscs, (all isometries referred to are assumed to be linear).

2. Preliminaries. Horowitz [3] first defined the weighted Bergman space Ap,α(0 < p < ∞, 0 < α < ∞) to be the space of holomorphic functions f in the disc which satisfy

(1)