Based on a strategy of Kaplansky ([3]), Dixmier proved that a prime, separable C*-algebra is primitive ([1]). As a consequence, when the C*-closure of a countable discrete group is prime, it is primitive. The argument may be regarded as a clever application of the Baire Category Theorem to the spectrum of irreducible representations.

The present note is the first step in adapting this technique to abstract group algebras. For which groups G is the primitive ideal space of k[G] a Baire space? One corollary of our main result is that the space is Baire when k is an uncountable field and G is a polycyclic-by-finite group. This gives an alternate proof of a special case of Passman's theorem that such a k[G] will be primitive when its center is k ([4], p. 379).

1. Introduction. Throughout this paper, G is a connected linear algebraic group over an algebraically closed field whose characteristic is denoted p. For any closed subgroup H of G, denotes the Lie algebra of H and H0 denotes the connected component of the identity of H.

A Borel subalgebra of is the Lie algebra of some Borel subgroup B of G. A maximal torus of is the Lie algebra of some maximal torus T of G. In [4], it is shown that the maximal tori of are the maximal commutative subalgebras of consisting of semisimple elements, and the question was raised in § 14.3 as to whether the set of Borel subalgebras of is the set of maximal triangulable subalgebras of .

In a series of fundamental papers [20], [21], [22], [23], K. Krickeberg introduced 'Vitali’ conditions on σ-algebras and showed that they are sufficient for convergence of properly bounded martingales, and supermartingales. It is now known that the conditions V∞ (= V), and V′ are both sufficient and necessary for convergence of L1-bounded amarts, and ordered amarts (Astbury [1]; [24], [25]); an amart (ordered amart) is a process (Xt) such that the net (EXτ)τ∈T* converges, where T* is the net of simple (ordered) stopping times. We undertake here to similarly characterize the Vitali conditions Vp, 1 ≦ p < ∞, in terms of convergence of properly defined classes of amarts. (In terms of convergence of L∞-bounded martingales, Krickeberg himself [22] was able to characterize V1.)

A ring R (with identity element) is called a right PCI-ring if and only if every proper cyclic right R-module is injective; that is, if C is a cyclic right R-module then either C ≌ R or C is injective. Faith [3, Theorems 14 and 17] (or see [2, Proposition 6.12 and Theorem 6.17]) proved that if a ring R is a right PCI-ring then R is semiprime Artinian or R is a simple right semihereditary right Ore domain. These latter rings we shall call simple rightPCI-domains. Examples of non-Artinian simple right PCI-domains were produced by Cozzens [1]. The object of this paper is to examine rings with similar properties and thus extend Faith's results.

This paper is a continuation of earlier work [6], in which we studied the existence and the stability of solutions to the infinite system of nonlinear differential equations

(1.1)

i = 1, 2, …. Here s is a nonnegative real number, Rs = {t ∈ R: t ≧ s}, and denotes a sequence-valued function. Conditions on the coefficient matrix A(t) = [aij(t)] and the nonlinear perturbation were established which guarantee that for each initial value c= {ct} ∈ l1, the system (1.1) has a strongly continuous l1valued solution x(t) (i.e., each is continuous and converges uniformly on compact subsets of Rs). A theorem was also given which yields the exponential stability for the nonlinear system (1.1).

A connection between the theory of quadratic forms defined over a given field F, and the space XF of all orderings of F is developed by A. Pfister in [12]. XF can be viewed as a set of characters acting on the group F×/ΣF×2, where ΣF×2 denotes the subgroup of F× consisting of sums of squares. Namely, each ordering P ∈ XF can be identified with the character

defined by

It follows from Pfister's result that the Witt ring of F modulo its radical is completely determined by the pair (XF, F×/ΣF×2).

The well-known Hasse-Brauer-Noether theorem states that a simple algebra with center a number field k splits over k (i.e., is a full matrix algebra) if and only if it splits over the completion of k at every rank one valuation of k. It is natural to ask whether this principle can be extended to a broader class of fields. In particular, we prove here the following extension.

In this paper, we analyze what happens with respect to quadratic forms when a square root is adjoined to a field F which has exactly two quaternion algebras. There are many such fields—the real numbers and finite extensions of the p-adic numbers being two familiar examples. For general quadratic extensions, there are many unanswered questions concerning the quadratic form structure, but for these special fields we can clear up most of them.

It is assumed char F ≠ 2 and K = F (√a) where a ∊ Ḟ – Ḟ2. Ḟ denotes the non-zero elements of F. Generally the letters a, b, c, … and α, β, … refer to elements from Ḟ and x, y, z, … come from .

Coinitial graphs were used in [2; 3 ; 4] as a combinatorial tool in the Reidemeister- Schreier process in order to prove subgroup theorems for Fuchsian groups. Whitehead had previously introduced such graphs but used topological methods for his proofs [8; 9]. Subsequently Rapaport [7] and Iliggins and Lyndon [1] gave algebraic proofs of the results in [9], and AIcCool [5; 6] has further developed these methods so that presentations of automorphism groups could be found.

In this paper it is shown that Whitehead automorphisms can be described by a “cutting and pasting” operation on coinitial graphs. Section 1 defines and gives some combinatorial properties of these operations, based on [1].

1. In their paper “Permutation Problems and Special Functions,” Askey and Ismail [1] give the following striking identity. Consider three boxes containing j, k, m distinguishable balls, and consider all possible rearrangements of these balls such that each box still has the same number of balls; i.e., j end up in the first, k in the second, m in the third. One disregards the order of the balls within a box so there are (j + k + m)!/(j!k!m!) possible rearrangements. Let RE be the number of rearrangements where an even number of balls change boxes and R0 the number of rearrangements where an odd number change boxes. The identity is

(1.1)

where

(1.2)

is the jth Laguerre polynomial. These polynomials are orthonormal with respect to the weight function e–x; i.e.

1. Introduction. A space of orderings will refer to what was called a “set of quasi-orderings” in [5]. That is, a space of orderings is a pair (X, G) where G is an elementary 2-group (i.e. x2 = 1 for all x ∈ G) with a distinguished element – 1 ∈ G, and X is a subset of the character group x(G) = Horn (G, {1, –1};) satisfying the following properties:

01: X is a closed subset of χ(G).

02: σ(−l) = −1 holds for all σ ∊ X.

03: X⊥ = {a ∊ G|χa = 1 for all a ∊ X} = 1.

04: If f and g are forms over G and if x ∊ Df⊗g, then there exist y ∊ Df and z ∊ Dg such that x ∊ D(y, z).

Etant donné une variété différaitiable M, deux pseudogroupes ℒ1 et ℒ2 sur M sont dits appartenir au même type, s'il existe un difféomorphisme local de M transformant ℒ1 en ℒ1

Le problème général de la recherche des pseudogroupes sur M peut être énoncé de manière suivante:

(1) Déterminer tous les types des pseudogroupes sur M, et pour chaque type un représentant particulier.

(2) Pour chaque pseudogroupe ainsi obtenu, déterminer le plus grand pseudogroupe sur M dans lequel il est invariant.

Dans [5], E. Cartan a utilisé cette méthode pour classifier les pseudogroupes sur R2; pour une démonstration plus récente voir [6]. Ceci montre ce plus l'intérêt d'étudier le normalisateur d'un pseudogroupe de Lie ℒ sur M.

Section 1 of this paper contains all the work which deals exclusively with generalizations of Hadamard matrices. The non-existence theorem proven here (Theorem 1.10) generalizes a theorem of Hall and Paige [15] on the non-existence of complete mappings in certain groups.

In Sections 2 and 3, we consider the duals of (Hanani) transversal designs; these dual structures, which we call (s, r, µ)-nets, are a natural generalization of the much studied (Bruck) nets which in turn are equivalent to sets of mutually orthogonal Latin squares. An (s, r, µ)-net is a set of s2µ points together with r parallel classes of blocks. Each class consists of s blocks of equal cardinality. Two non-parallel blocks meet in precisely µ points. It has been proven that r is always less than or equal to (s2µ – l) / (s – 1).

We discuss the decomposition of tensor products of holomorphic discrete series representations, generalizing a technique used in [9] for representations of SL2(R), based on a suggestion of Roger Howe. In the case of two representations with highest weights, the discussion is entirely algebraic, and is best formulated in the context of generalized Verma modules (see § 3). In the case when one representation has a highest weight and the other a lowest weight, the approach is more analytic, relying on the realization of these representations on certain spaces of holomorphic functions.

For a simple group, these two cases exhaust the possibilities; for a nonsimple group, one has to piece together representations on the various factors.

The author wishes to thank Roger Howe and Jim Lepowsky for very helpful conversations, and Nolan Wallach for pointing out the work of Eugene Gutkin (Thesis, Brandeis University, 1978), from which some of the results of this paper can be read off as easy corollaries.

Factorization structures on a category form a useful categorical tool. As is known, any , satisfying suitable completeness—and smallness—conditions, has a sufficient supply of factorization structures; in fact, there is a bijection between the class of all epireflective (full and isomorphism- closed) subcategories of and the class of all so called perfect factorizationstructures of In this paper, for an arbitrary category supplied with a fixed factorization structure (E, M), a similar bijection between the class of all E-reflective (full and isomorphism-closed) subcategories of and the class of all (E, M)-dispersed factorization structures on , introduced in this paper, will be established.

The classical uniqueness theorems of Riesz and Koebe show an important characteristic of boundary behavior of analytic functions in the unit disc. The purpose of this note is to discuss these uniqueness theorems on hyperbolic Riemann surfaces. It will be necessary to give additional hypotheses because Riemann surfaces can be very nasty. So, in this note the Wiener compactification will be used as ideal boundary of Riemann surfaces. The Theorem, Corollaries 1, 2 and 3 are of Riesz type, Riesz-Nevanlinna type, Koebe type and Koebe-Nevanlinna type respectively. Corollaries 4 and 5 are general forms of Corollaries 2 and 3 respectively.

Let f be a mapping from an open Riemann surface R into a Riemann surface R′.

A continuum will be a connected, compact, metric space. By a mapping we mean a continuous function. By a partially ordered space X we mean a continuum X together with a partial order which is closed when regarded as a subset of X × X. We let 2x (resp. C(X)) denote the hyperspace of closed subsets (resp. subcontinua) of X with the Vietoris topology which coincides with the topology induced by the Hausdorff metric. The hyperspaces 2X and C(X) are arcwise connected metric continua (see [3, Theorem 2.7]). If A ⊂ X we let C(A) denote the subspace of subcontinua of X which lie in A.

If X is a partially ordered space we define two functions L, M : X → 2X by setting for each x ∊ X

Let Aj and Bj (1 ≦ j ≦ m) be bounded operators on a Banach space ᚕ and let Φ be the mapping on , the algebra of bounded operators on ᚕ, defined by

(1)

We give necessary and sufficient conditions for Φ to be identically zero or to be a compact map or (in the Hilbert space case) for the induced mapping on the Calkin algebra to be identically zero. These results are then used to obtain some results about inner derivations and, more generally, about mappings of the form

For example, it is shown that the commutant of the range of C(S, T) is “small” unless S and T are scalars.

Let X be a real Banach space. According to von Neumann's famous geometrical characterization X is a Hilbert space if and only if for all x, y ∈ X

Thus Hilbert space is distinguished among all real Banach spaces by a certain uniform behavior of the set of all two dimensional subspaces. A related characterization of real Lp spaces can be given in terms of uniform behavior of all two dimensional subspaces and a Boolean algebra of norm-1 projections [16]. For an arbitrary space X, one way of measuring the “uniformity” of the set of two dimensional subspaces is in terms of the real valued modulus of rotundity, i.e. for

The space is said to be uniformly rotund if for each 0 we have .

1. Introduction. An unrestricted section of a sequence x is any sequence of the form Σk∈Fxkδk, where F is some finite subset of the natural numbers. The notion of boundedness of the set of unrestricted sections of a sequence in a K-space was studied in [10], and called unconditional section boundedness (UAB). It was shown in [10] (Theorem 7) that the class of FK-spaces in which every element has UAB consists of those FK-spaces that are invariant under coordinatewise multiplication by the convergent sequences.