Psoriasis is a chronic immune-inflammatory skin disease. Cross-sectional research examining diet quality indices in psoriasis has focused on the Mediterranean diet and is confined to Mediterranean populations, thereby lacking generalisability to other populations. We explored associations between diet quality indices and the likelihood of reporting a higher psoriasis severity. This was an online cross-sectional study recruiting adult volunteers with psoriasis (n 257). A 147-item FFQ evaluated adherence to the Mediterranean diet score, the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension score and the Plant-based Diet Index (PDI), including its original (oPDI), healthy (hPDI) and unhealthy (uPDI) subtypes. Psoriasis severity was determined with the self-assessed Simplified Psoriasis Index. When adjusted for age, sex, smoking, alcohol overconsumption, energy intake and psychological morbidity, multinomial logistic regression analyses revealed an increased likelihood of reporting a higher psoriasis severity in participants with a very low adherence to Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (OR = 3·75; 95 % CI 1·313, 10·700; P = 0·01) and hPDI (OR = 4·04; 95 % CI 1·251, 13·064; P = 0·02) patterns. A reduced likelihood of reporting a higher psoriasis severity was shown in participants with low adherence to the uPDI (OR = 0·25; 95 % CI 0·085, 0·716; P = 0·01). With further adjustment for BMI, a very low adherence to the oPDI was significantly associated with an increased likelihood of reporting a higher psoriasis severity (OR = 3·46; 95 % CI 1·029, 11·656; P = 0·05). Dietary interventions and assessment should be introduced in the care pathway for psoriasis management.

Accumulation of exogenous fatty acids such as the long-chain n-11 MUFA cetoleic acid (CA, C22:1n-11) may induce functional changes, through direct effects or by affecting the amounts of other fatty acids through changes in catabolic and anabolic processes including desaturation of fatty acids or by other processes. The primary aim of this study was to investigate if dietary CA was absorbed and accumulated in a TAG-rich tissue for storage (white adipose tissue), a stable phospholipid-rich tissue (brain), metabolically active tissues (liver and skeletal muscle) or circulating in the blood (blood cells) and metabolised. Secondary aims included investigating any effects on the levels of EPA and DHA. Eighteen male Zucker diabetic Sprague Dawley (ZDSD) rats were fed diets with herring oil (HERO) containing 0·70 % CA or anchovy oil (ANCO) devoid of CA, or a control diet with soyabean oil for 5 weeks. The HERO and ANCO diets contained 0·35 and 0·37 wt% EPA + DHA, respectively. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA. CA from dietary HERO was absorbed, and CA and two chain-shortened metabolites were found in blood cells, liver, white adipose tissue (WAT) and muscle, but n-11 MUFAs were not found in the brain. The concentrations of EPA and DHA were similar in liver lipids (TAG, cholesteryl esters and NEFA) as well as in WAT, muscle and brain from rats fed the HERO or ANCO diets. To conclude, CA was taken up by tissues but did not affect levels of EPA and DHA in this diabetic rat model.

Postpartum maternal diet quality has been linked with optimal infant feeding practices. However, whether maternal diet quality during pregnancy influences infant feeding practices remains unclear. The present study explored the relationship between maternal diet quality in pregnancy and infant feeding practices in Australian women. A brief 15-item FFQ was used to collect maternal dietary data (n 469). Diet quality was calculated using a modified 2013 Dietary Guideline Index (DGI). Multivariable linear and logistic regressions with adjustment for covariates were used to examine associations between maternal diet quality in pregnancy and infant feeding practices: infant feeding mode, breast-feeding duration and timing of solids introduction. Higher DGI score during pregnancy was associated with higher odds of breast-feeding than formula/mixed feeding (adjusted OR (AOR) 1·03, 95 % CI 1·00, 1·07), longer breast-feeding duration (adjusted β 0·09, 95 % CI 0·03, 0·15) and higher odds of breast-feeding for ≥ 6 months (AOR 1·04, 95 % CI 1·02, 1·07) than for < 6 months. Associations between maternal DGI score and breast-feeding variables were moderated by maternal country of birth, with significant associations observed in Australian-born mothers only. No association was found between maternal DGI score and timing of solids introduction. Higher maternal diet quality was associated with better infant feeding practices, and the association was moderated by country of birth. Our findings provide evidence to support the initiation of dietary interventions to promote diet quality during pregnancy, particularly among Australian-born women. Further research could explore underlying mechanisms linking maternal diet quality and infant feeding practices.

A randomised parallel intervention study was conducted with male patients diagnosed with CHD. Participants were assigned to three groups: Group A abstained from alcohol (n 20), Group B consumed red wine (n 21) and Group C (n 16) consumed an alcoholic beverage without wine micro-constituents. Biological samples were collected at baseline, 4 and 8 weeks. Enzyme activities of acetyl-CoA:lyso-platelet-activating factor (PAF) acetyltransferase, cytidine 5’-diphospho (CDP)-choline:1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol cholinephosphotransferase (PAF-cholinephosphotransferase), PAF-acetylhydrolase in leukocyte homogenates, serum lipoprotein-associated phospholipase-A2 and plasma markers of thrombosis were measured. PAF-, ADP- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation was measured in human platelet-rich plasma. Red wine consumption led to a 15·3 % reduction in LysoPAF-acetyltransferase activity at 4 weeks (P= 0·008) compared with baseline and Group A (P= 0·01). PAF-cholinephosphotransferase activity was reduced by 11·1 % at 8 weeks (P= 0·04) compared with baseline and by 24·9 % compared with Group C (P= 0·02). PAF-acetylhydrolase activity was reduced by 36·2 % at 8 weeks compared with baseline (P= 0·001) and compared with Group A (P< 0·000) and Group C (P= 0·009). Fibrinogen levels in Group B reduced by 6–9 % at 4 (P= 0·04) and 8 weeks (P= 0·01) compared with baseline while D-dimer in Group C increased by 16·1 % at 8 weeks (P= 0·005) compared with baseline. Platelet aggregation against PAF and collagen was reduced in Group B (82·6 and 35·4 %, respectively), and in Group C (158·4 and 37·1 %, respectively) compared with baseline and Group A (P< 0·05). In conclusion, moderate wine consumption improved the activity of PAF-metabolism enzymes regardless of ethanol and reduced platelet aggregation, probably through mechanisms different from those of ethanol.

Understanding the determinants of malnutrition is pivotal for public health interventions. This study aimed to identify socio-economic, demographic, dietary and maternal determinants of wasting and overweight among Brazilian children between 6 and 59 months. Data from the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition were analysed (n 11 789). Children’s weight-for-height Z-scores were calculated according to the WHO growth standard and classified as wasting (Z < −2), normal weight (–2 ≤ Z ≤ 1), overweight risk (1 < Z ≤ 2) and overweight (Z > 2). Socio-economic, demographic, dietary and maternal covariables were considered. Adjusted multinomial logistic regression (OR and 95 % CI) was employed. The prevalence of overweight and wasting was 9·5 and 2·6 %, respectively. In the adjusted model, younger age (6–23 months: OR: 1·7; 95 % CI: 1·3, 2·2), consumption of ≥ 5 ultra-processed food groups (OR: 1·8; 95 % CI: 1·1, 3·1), maternal underweight (OR: 0·4; 95 % CI: 0·2, 0·9), overweight (OR: 1·5; 95 % CI: 1·2, 1·9) and mild food insecurity (OR: 0·8; 95 % CI: 0·6, 1·0) were associated with child overweight. The Brazilian Northeast (OR: 4·9; 95 % CI: 2·1, 11·3), Southeast (OR: 7·1; 95 % CI: 3·0, 16·6), South (OR: 4·7; 95 % CI: 1·8, 12·1), Midwest regions (OR: 2·7; 95 % CI: 1·2, 6·2) and maternal underweight (OR: 5·4; 95 % CI: 2·7, 10·7) were associated with wasting. Overweight in Brazil is prevalent among children between 6 and 59 months, while wasting is not a major public health problem. The main determinants of these Brazilian children’s nutritional status were age, ultra-processed food consumption and maternal nutritional status.

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is an important growth factor in childhood. We aimed to investigate the impact of food supplements for the treatment of moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) on serum IGF-1 (sIGF-1). Secondary analysis of a randomised 2 × 2 × 3 factorial nutrition trial was performed. Children aged 6–23 months with MAM received 2093 kJ/d as lipid-based nutrient supplement (LNS) or corn soy blend (CSB), containing either dehulled soya or soya isolate and different quantities of dried skimmed milk (0 %, 20 % or 50 % of total protein) for 12 weeks. The trial was double-blind with regard to soya and milk but not to matrix (LNS v. CSB). sIGF-1 was measured at inclusion and after 12 weeks of supplementation. Of 1609 children enrolled, 1455 (90 %) had sIGF-1 measured at both time points. During supplementation, sIGF-1 increased 6·7 (95 % CI 6·1, 7·3) ng/ml compared with an expected age-dependent decrease of 0·3 (95 % CI 0·2, 0·4) ng/ml. Children who received LNS v. CSB had a lower increase in sIGF-1 (–8 %, 95 % CI − 12, −3). The effect of LNS was partly attenuated when sIGF-1 was corrected for inflammation. Children who received soya isolate compared with dehulled soya had a higher increase in sIGF-1 (6 %, 95 % CI 1, 12). Milk content did not affect sIGF-1. Overall, sIGF-1 increased during supplementation. The lower increase with LNS v. CSB was only partly explained by increased inflammation with LNS and needs further investigation. Isolate v. dehulled soya led to a higher increase which may be due to antinutrients in dehulled soya.

There is a lack of information from Middle Eastern countries regarding diet–disease associations. We examined dietary glycaemic and insulinemic potential in relation to risk of incident diabetes among a large group of Iranian adults. The present study was carried out using data from Yazd Health Study-Taghzieh Mardom Yazd, a prospective cohort study on adults aged 20–70 years in Yazd Greater Area, Iran. This study was initiated in 2014–2016 (baseline examination), and data are collected prospectively at one 5-year intervals. Data on demographic characteristics, dietary intakes and potential confounders were gathered by interview. During the follow-up phase of the study, diabetes incidence was confirmed by laboratory tests and physician diagnoses. This study included a total of 6178 participants in the cross-sectional analysis and 5105 subjects in the prospective phase. Examining the cross-sectional phase, we failed to find any significant association between dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) as well as dietary insulin index (DII) or dietary insulin load (DIL) and prevalence of diabetes. No significant relationship was also seen between DII/DIL and risk of T2DM in the prospective phase; however, in the stratified analysis by BMI status, there was an inverse significant association between DII and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (hazard ratio for T3 v. T1: 0·19; 95 % CI: 0·04, 0·92; P = 0·03) in non-obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) and overweight (BMI < 25 kg/m2) participants. No significant association was found between dietary GI/ dietary GL/ DII/ or DIL with risk of T2DM. More research, particularly with a longer follow-up duration, is needed to confirm these findings.

The influence of appetite and energy intake (EI) on energy compensation in response to chronic exercise remains poorly understood. This study examined the temporal impact of habitual exercise on EI and the homeostatic appetite regulators that influence energy compensation. Twelve-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats (n 30) fed an AIN-93M diet were randomised into one of three groups: (1) sedentary control (SED); (2) voluntary wheel exercise (EX) and (3) sedentary, weight-matched to aerobic exercise (SED-WM) for 8 weeks. Measures of EI, body weight and adiposity were assessed. Appetite-regulating hormones acyl ghrelin, active glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1, leptin and insulin were measured in response to an oral glucose tolerance test. Rats with running wheels completed an average of 192 km over 8 weeks. While EI was initially reduced in EX, EI gradually increased with exercise training after week 1 (P < 0·05). Body weight was lower in EX relative to SED from weeks 3 to 5 but did not differ at the end of the study. Fat mass and long-term satiety hormones leptin and insulin were lower in EX (P < 0·05). No differences were observed in concentrations of the satiety hormone active GLP-1 or the orexigenic hormone acyl ghrelin. Short-term homeostatic regulators of appetite do not appear to be altered with exercise training. The reduction in adiposity and associated decrease in tonic satiety hormones leptin and insulin are likely contributors to the coupling of energy expenditure with EI over time with voluntary exercise.

This study aims to assess the therapeutic effects of probiotic oral therapy in paediatric patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and to investigate its impact on intestinal flora composition, brain–gut peptide levels and overall clinical outcomes. A retrospective study was conducted involving 100 children diagnosed with AN at Xingtang County People’s Hospital between January 2023 and June 2024. Patients were divided into two groups: a control group (n 50) receiving zinc gluconate oral solution alone and an observation group (n 50) receiving zinc gluconate plus probiotics. Outcome measures included intestinal flora analysis, brain–gut peptide levels (somatostatin (SS) and nitric oxide (NO)), clinical efficacy, serum trace element levels (Ca, Zn and Fe) and prognosis, including recurrence rates 6 months post-treatment. Baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups (P > 0·05). After treatment, the observation group showed significantly higher levels of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus and lower levels of Enterobacter compared with the control group (P < 0·05). Additionally, the observation group had lower levels of SS and NO (P < 0·05), indicating improved brain–gut communication. Clinical efficacy was significantly higher in the observation group (P < 0·05), with improved serum trace element levels (P < 0·05 for Ca, Zn and Fe). Furthermore, the recurrence rate 6 months post-treatment was significantly lower in the observation group compared with the control group (P < 0·05). Probiotic supplementation in children with AN effectively modulates intestinal flora, improves brain–gut peptide levels and enhances clinical outcomes.

This study aimed to investigate the association between family characteristics and adherence to the EAT-Lancet dietary recommendations in 7-year-old children. This is a prospective birth cohort study with 2125 children from Generation XXI (Porto, Portugal), who provided 3-day food diaries at age 7, used to assess habitual food consumption. At the age of 4, maternal diet was assessed using a Food Frequency Questionnaire, and a diet quality score was calculated (higher scores indicating a better maternal diet), and parental–child feeding practices were assessed with the Child Feeding Questionnaire. Adherence to the EAT-Lancet dietary recommendations was evaluated using the World Index for Sustainability and Health (WISH) at the age of 7 years, previously adapted to paediatric age. Hierarchical linear regression models (consecutive addition of blocks of variables based on a theoretical framework) were employed to evaluate the associations between family characteristics and adherence to the WISH at age 7 (β regression coefficients and the respective 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI)). Higher maternal age and education at child’s birth were associated with increased adherence to the WISH at age 7 (β = 0·018, 95 % CI 0·005, 0·031; β = 0·038, 95 % CI 0·024, 0·053, respectively). A better maternal diet quality and using more restrictive practices on child’s diet, at 4 years old, were both associated with higher scoring in the WISH at 7 years old (β = 0·033, 95 % CI 0·018, 0·049; β = 0·067, 95 % CI 0·009, 0·125, respectively). Early maternal sociodemographic and diet quality play a significant role in influencing the adherence to a healthy and environmentally sustainable dietary pattern at school-age.

In the last decades, it has been well known that low-grade inflammation plays a potential role in the pathogenesis of different cancers. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies was to evaluate the association between inflammatory potential of diet measured through the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII), Energy-adjusted DII (E-DII), Empirical Dietary Inflammatory Pattern (EDIP), the Inflammatory Score of Diet (ISD), and risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) and site-specific colon cancer. A systematic electronic search of PubMed/Medline, Scopus, the Web of Sciences and reference lists up to 21 November 2023 was performed. Data were pooled by the generic inverse variance method using random effect model. To assess the heterogeneity of included studies, the I2 index was used. A total of twenty-eight original studies, comprising 2 287 836 participants, were selected to include in this meta-analysis. Pooled results showed a significant association between higher adherence to pro-inflammatory diet and increased risk of CRC (effect size (ES): 1·39; 95 % CI 1·29, 1·51; I2 = 82·9 %), colon (ES: 1·40; 95 % CI 1·26, 1·55; I² = 73·3 %, P< 0·01), proximal colon (ES: 1·28; 95 % CI 1·17, 1·40; I² = 29·1 %), distal (ES: 1·50; 95 % CI 1·30, 1·74; I² = 63·5 %) and rectal (ES: 1·46; 95 % CI 1·23, 1·74; I² = 80 %). Stratified analysis by type of dietary indices noted that greater adherence to the DII, E-DII and EDIP were related to significant increase in the risk of overall CRC and site-specific colon cancers. Our results highlighted the proposed role of inflammatory potential of diet as important risk factor for CRC. Adherence to an anti-inflammatory dietary pattern should be recommended to reduce incidence of CRC, globally.

The study aim was to determine the prevalence of food addiction (FA) in individuals with type 2 diabetes and to assess the association between FA and type 2 diabetes. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Sciences, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences, ScienceDirect, Scopus and PsycINFO were searched until November 2024. This study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023465903). Cross-sectional studies, case–control, cohorts and clinical trials that were carried out with individuals with type 2 diabetes, regardless of age and sex, were included. The complete data extracted included the prevalence, OR and/or risk ratio of FA, the number of individuals evaluated, age, sex, weight, presence of co-morbidities, age of participants and FA symptoms. A pooled prevalence of FA of 30 % (95 % CI (18, 44) with estimated predictive interval (0; 85); I2 = 99·51; 12 studies; 15 947 participants) was identified. For the associations between FA and type 2 diabetes, we found a grouped crude OR value of 2·35 (95 % CI (1·71, 2·98)). The pooled OR adjusted for age and sex was 2·60 (95 % CI (1·77, 3·42)). Finally, the OR adjusted for age, sex and BMI was 2·01 (95 % CI (1·39, 2·64)). The results of the meta-analyses showed a high prevalence of FA in individuals with type 2 diabetes and that the associations between these two conditions remained even after adjustment for age, sex and BMI, although with a high heterogeneity among individual estimates.

A hospital-based cross-sectional study involving children aged 2–15 years attending the obesity clinic of a tertiary care hospital from January 2016 to March 2018 was carried out to study carotid intima media thickness (cIMT) and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors in children with overweight and obesity. Secondary objective was to compare children with elevated (EcIMT) and normal cIMT (NcIMT). Out of 223 patients enrolled for the study, 102 (45·7 %) had EcIMT. Mean cIMT of the study participants was 0·41 (sd 0·13) mm. Median alanine transaminase levels (27 v. 24, P= 0·006) and proportion of patients with fatty liver (63·7 % v. 48·8 %, P= 0·025) and ≥ 3 risk factors (80·4 % v. 66·1 %, P= 0·003) were higher in the EcIMT group compared with NcIMT group. Proportion of patients with hypercholesterolemia (36·4 % v. 16 %, P= 0·024), elevated LDL-cholesterol (38·6 % v. 16 %, P= 0·013), low HDL-cholesterol (40·9 % v. 20 %, P= 0·027) and dyslipidemia (84·1 % v. 58 %, P= 0·006) was higher in the pubertal EcIMT group and those with fatty liver (63·8 % v. 45·1 %, P= 0·034) was higher in the prepubertal EcIMT group compared with pubertal and prepubertal NcIMT groups, respectively. No significant correlations were observed between cIMT and various cardiometabolic parameters. Our finding of EcIMT in nearly half of the study participants including young children is very concerning as these children are at increased risk of atherosclerotic CVD in adulthood. Interventions starting at a young age are important when trajectories are likely to be more malleable and adverse cardiometabolic phenotypes and subclinical atherosclerosis are reversible.

Understanding protein fermentation in the hindgut of pigs is essential due to its implications for health, and ileal digesta is commonly used to study this process in vitro. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of utilising in vitro digested residues as a replacement for ileal digesta in evaluating the protein fermentation potential. In vitro residues from cottonseed meal, maize germ meal, peanut meal, rapeseed cake, rapeseed meal, soyabean meal and sunflower meal were analysed using a modified gas production (GP) technique and curve fitting model to determine their fermentation dynamics and compare with the use of ileal digesta. Significant variations were observed in GP parameters between in vitro digested residues, indicating differences in nitrogen utilisation by fecal microbiota. Soyabean meal and sunflower meal exhibited the highest maximum GP rates (Rmax), with values of 29·5 ± 0·6 and 28·0 ± 1·2 ml/h, respectively, while maize germ meal showed slowest protein utilisation (17·3 ± 0·2 ml/h). A positive relationship was found between the Rmax of in vitro residues and ileal digesta (R2 = 0·85, P < 0·01). However, GP potential (GPs) showed a tendency for a negative relationship (R2 = 0·39, P < 0·1), likely due to narrow observed GPs values and the presence of varied endogenous proteins in ileal digesta. Our results demonstrate the potential of using in vitro digested residues as a substitute for ileal digesta in assessing the fermentation potential of protein ingredients, particularly regarding the rate of protein fermentation.