The sulfur microbial diet (SMD), a dietary pattern associated with 43 sulfur-metabolizing bacteria, may influence gut microbiota composition and contribute to aging process through gut-produced hydrogen sulfide (H2S). We aimed to explore the association between SMD and biological age acceleration, using the cross-sectional study included 71,579 individuals from the UK Biobank. The SMD score was calculated by multiplying β-coefficients by corresponding serving sizes and summing them, based on dietary data collected using the Oxford WebQ, a 24-hour dietary assessment tool. Biological age (BA) was assessed using Klemerae-Doubal (KDM) and PhenoAge methods. The difference between BA and chronological age refers to the age acceleration (AgeAccel), termed “KDMAccel” and “PhenoAgeAccel”. Generalized linear regression was performed. Mediation analyses were used to investigate underlying mediators including body mass index (BMI) and serum aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (AST/ALT) ratio. Following adjustment for multiple variables, a positive association was observed between consuming a dietary pattern with a higher SMD score and both KDMAccel (βQ4vsQ1 = 0.35, 95%CI = 0.27 to 0.44, P<0.001) and PhenoAgeAccel (βQ4vsQ1 = 0.32, 95%CI = 0.23 to 0.41, P<0.001). Each 1-standard deviation increase in SMD score was positively associated with the acceleration of biological age by 7.90% for KDMAccel (P<0.001) and 7.80% for PhenoAgeAccel (P<0.001). BMI and AST/ALT mediated the association. The stratified analysis revealed stronger accelerated aging impacts in males and smokers. Our study indicated a higher SMD score is associated with elevated markers of biological aging, supporting the potential utility of gut microbiota-targeted dietary interventions in attenuating the aging process.

Dietary guidelines often combine plant and animal protein intake recommendations, yet some evidence suggests they may have distinct associations with diet quality and obesity. This study aimed to examine relationships between animal and plant protein intake, based on different protein classification approaches, and diet quality and obesity. Plant and animal protein contents of foods reported by 7637 adult participants aged ≥19 years during the 2011-12 Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey were estimated using Australian food composition databases. Usual animal, plant, and total protein intakes were estimated using Multiple Source Method. Diet quality was assessed using the 2013-Dietary Guidelines Index (DGI), and obesity measures included BMI and waist circumference (WC). Sex-stratified multiple linear and logistic regressions were performed and adjusted for potential confounders. Plant and animal protein intakes were positively associated with DGI scores [Plant protein: men, β=0.74(95%CI: 0.64, 0.85); women, β=0.78(0.67, 0.89); Animal protein: men, β=0.15(0.12, 0.18); women, β=0.26(0.22, 0.29)]. These associations were consistent when examining high-quality plant protein (i.e., high-protein-containing plant-based foods with comparable nutritional values to animal proteins) and non-dairy animal protein intakes. Plant protein intake was inversely associated with BMI and WC in men but not women. Animal protein intake was positively associated with BMI in men and women and WC in men only [β=0.04(0.02, 0.07)]. Plant protein intake was inversely associated with obesity [OR=0.97(0.96, 0.99)] and central obesity [OR=0.97(0.95, 0.98)] among men only. Further studies are needed to examine the influence of different animal protein sources by accounting for energy intake and sex-specific associations.

Environmental impacts of food systems have stimulated research to examine how to create healthy diets that will be more sustainable while meeting nutrient requirements. Increasing compliance with existing food-based dietary guidelines in most jurisdictions could be a first step to improve health and reduce environmental impact. MyPlanetDiet was an all-Ireland 12-week randomised controlled trial designed to inform sustainable healthy dietary guidelines. Healthy adults (n=355) aged 18-64 years with moderate-to-high greenhouse gas emitting (GHGE) diets were recruited from three study sites on the island of Ireland. The aim of this research is to assess the relationship between dietary intakes, diet-related environmental impacts, and metabolic health using baseline data collected during the MyPlanetDiet study. Dietary assessments collected using Foodbook24 were used to calculate diet-related GHGE, adherence to Healthy Eating Guidelines (HEG), and Healthy Eating Index (HEI) score. Anthropometrics and metabolic health markers (e.g. lipids, glucose and insulin) were included. Overall HEG adherence was low, with 43% meeting zero or one HEG food group recommendations. Adherence to 4+ HEG food group targets was associated with 31% lower diet-related GHGE compared to those with lowest adherence. Higher HEG adherence was associated with lower BMI and waist circumference and higher HEI scores. While our findings suggest HEG adherence is associated with positive health and environmental impacts, substantial behaviour change will be needed to meet existing HEGs. Further research is needed to assess response and acceptability to HEG. However, adherence to HEG may be an important first step to reducing the environmental impact of food consumption.

This study evaluated the effects of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), a farnesoid X receptor (FXR) potential activator, on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, glucose metabolism, and inflammation in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) (initial body weight: 5.45 ± 0.02 g) fed a high-carbohydrate diet. Experimental diets included a positive control (5 % α-starch), a negative control (10 % α-starch), and two diets containing 10 % α-starch supplemented with either 0.05 % or 0.10 % CDCA. After 8 weeks, the high-carbohydrate diet reduced growth performance and increased hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic indexes, which were mitigated by 0.10 % CDCA supplementation. The high-carbohydrate diet also increased hepatic glycogen and crude lipid content, both of which were reduced by 0.10 % CDCA. Furthermore, the high-carbohydrate diet induced oxidative stress, histopathological changes, and reduced liver lysozyme activity, which were ameliorated by CDCA supplementation. Molecular analysis showed that the high-carbohydrate diet suppressed FXR and phosphorylated AKT1 (p-AKT1) protein expression in the liver, downregulated insulin signaling (ira, irs, pi3kr1 and akt1), gluconeogenesis (pepck and g6pc), and glycolysis genes (gk, pk and pfkl). CDCA supplementation upregulated fxr expression, activated shp, enhanced the expression of insulin signaling and glycolytic genes (gk, pk and pfkl), and inhibited gluconeogenesis. Additionally, CDCA reduced inflammatory markers (nf-κb and il-1β) and restored anti-inflammatory mediators (il-10, iκb, and tgf-β). In conclusion, 0.10 % CDCA improved carbohydrate metabolism and alleviated liver inflammation in largemouth bass fed a high dietary carbohydrate, partially through FXR activation.

This study investigates the effects of fat-emulsion-based early parenteral nutrition in patients following hemihepatectomy, addressing a critical gap in clinical knowledge regarding parenteral nutrition after hemihepatectomy. We retrospectively analyzed clinical data from 274 patients received non-fat-emulsion-based parenteral nutrition (non-fatty nutrition group) and 297 patients received fat-emulsion-based parenteral nutrition (fatty nutrition group) after hemihepatectomy. Fat-emulsion-based early parenteral nutrition significantly reduced levels of postoperative aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, and direct bilirubin, while minor decreases in red blood cell and platelet counts were observed in the fatty nutrition group. Importantly, fat-emulsion-based early parenteral nutrition shortened lengths of postoperative hospital stay and fasting duration, but did not affect the incidence of short-term postoperative complications. Subgroup analyses revealed that the supplement of omega-3 fish oil emulsions was significantly associated with a reduced inflammatory response and risk of postoperative infections. These findings indicate that fat-emulsion-based early parenteral nutrition enhances short-term postoperative recovery in patients undergoing hemihepatectomy.

Mandatory thresholds for accuracy of reported energy on food and beverage product labels do not exist for many countries. Accurate nutrition information is essential for ensuring nutritional adequacy among hospital patients. The aim of this study was to compare direct measures of energy of nutritional fluids provided in hospital to values determined via manufacturers’ specifications. Nutritional fluids were identified as any liquid provided to hospital patients orally, enterally, or parenterally, to deliver nutrition. These were categorised into six groups aligned to food/medical standards, including: 1) local recipes, 2) pre-packaged general fluids, 3) supplementary fluids, 4) prescribed nutrition fluids – thickened, 5) prescribed nutrition fluids – oral/enteral, and 6) prescribed medical nutrition – IV and parenteral. An equivalence testing statistical approach (±10% thresholds) was used to compare energy values derived directly via bomb calorimetry against those obtained from manufacturer specifications. A total of 69 fluids were measured. One fifth (n=14) exhibited non-equivalent energy values, with majority of these (n=11; 79%) likely to contain fewer calories than that calculated from reported values. Almost all (34/35; 97%) prescribed nutrition fluids (oral/enteral (20/20; 100%), IV and parenteral (7/7; 100%) and thickened fluid (7/8; 88%) products were equivalent. In contrast, only 21/34 (62%) non-prescribed fluids (local recipes (2/11; 18%), supplementary fluids (4/5; 80%) and pre-packaged general fluid (15/18; 83%) products) demonstrated equivalence. Energy content of nutritional fluids prescribed to hospital patients typically align with manufacturers’ values. Consumption of non-prescribed fluids may result in lower energy intakes than expected.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a prevalent condition observed across various medical specialties, including gastroenterology, otorhinolaryngology, surgery, and primary care. Despite the routine prescription of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), some patients fail to experience adequate symptom relief. This review delves into the multifactorial mechanisms of reflux, which extend beyond hydrochloric acid to include pepsin, bile acids and trypsin. These factors significantly contribute to mucosal injury in GERD and are influenced by dietary composition. Moreover, dietary patterns with anti-inflammatory properties, such as the Mediterranean and DASH (dietary approaches to stop hypertension) diets, have shown potential in GERD managing, particularly in the context of obesity–an important risk factor.

This study was designed to explore the mediating role of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH) D) in triglyceride glucose (TyG) index and hypertension (HTN). Study participants were selected from the 2001-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Firstly, we estimated the association between TyG index, and serum 25(OH)D with HTN using weighted multivariable logistic regression model and restricted cubic spline. Secondly, we used generalized additive model to investigate the correlation between TyG index and serum 25(OH)D. Lastly, serum 25(OH)D was investigated as a mediator in the association between TyG index and HTN. There were 14,099 subjects in total. TyG index was positively and linearly associated with HTN risk, while serum 25(OH)D had a U-shaped relationship with prevalence of HTN. When the serum 25(OH)D levels were lower than 57.464 mmol/L, prevalence of HTN decreased with the increase of serum 25(OH)D levels. When serum 25(OH)D levels rise above 57.464 mmol/L, risk of HTN increased rapidly. Based on the U-shaped curve, serum 25(OH)D concentrations were divided into two groups: (<57.464 and ≥57.464 mmol/L). According to the mediation analysis, when serum 25(OH)D levels <57.464 mmol/L, the positive association between TyG index and incident HTN was increased by 25(OH)D. When serum 25(OH)D levels ≥57.464 mmol/L, the negative association between TyG index and incident HTN was increased by 25(OH)D. There was a mediation effect between TyG index and HTN, which was mediated by 25(OH)D. Therefore, we found that the association between serum 25(OH)D levels and TyG index may influence prevalence of HTN.

Artificial sweeteners are used to reduce energy intake, but studies suggest that consumption during pregnancy may impact the offspring’s risk of overweight. In this longitudinal cohort study, we aimed to examine the association between consumption of artificially sweetened or sugar-sweetened beverages during pregnancy and offspring overweight from birth to 18 years in the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC). 101,042 pregnancies were enrolled in the DNBC from 1996-2002. Follow-up was conducted throughout pregnancy, childhood, and adolescence. 72,821 women completed a Food Frequency Questionnaire during pregnancy reporting intake of beverages sweetened with artificial sweeteners or sugar. Offspring height and weight were obtained during childhood and adolescence. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to estimate the odds ratio (OR) for overweight concerning maternal beverage consumption. Analyses were adjusted for risk factors for childhood overweight, including maternal age, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), physical activity and smoking in pregnancy, healthy eating index, paternal BMI, socioeconomic status, and duration of breastfeeding. We found increased odds of overweight in 7, 11, 14, and 18-year-old offspring, whose mothers reported drinking ≥1 artificially sweetened beverages daily during pregnancy compared to no consumption (18 years: adjusted OR 1.26 (95% confidence interval 1.12, 1.42)). We found decreased adjusted odds of overweight in 11 and 18-year-old offspring, whose mothers reported drinking ≥1 sugar-sweetened beverages daily during pregnancy compared to no consumption. We found that consumption of artificially sweetened beverages during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of overweight in childhood and adolescence. Adjustment for risk factors for overweight and total energy intake did not explain the association. Further studies are warranted to establish the mechanism of the association.

N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) delivered by fish oil supplements alter the number and functions of circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs), but consumption of oily fish does not reproduce this effect. In order to assess the effects of fish oil supplements and oily fish, at a level achievable in the diet, on EV numbers, composition and procoagulant activity in healthy human volunteers, forty-two healthy subjects were assigned to one of three treatment groups: (i) fish oil supplements plus white fish meals, (ii) control supplements plus oily fish meals or (iii) control supplements plus white fish meals for 12 weeks in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel trial; circulating EVs were enumerated and their procoagulant activity assessed using thrombin generation and fibrinolysis assays. Our results showed that fish oil supplements decreased circulating EV numbers and reduced EV-stimulated thrombin generation, but the consumption of oily fish at half the dose of EPA had no effect on either EV number or thrombogenic capacity. Consumption of both oily fish and fish oil supplements increased the EPA and DHA contents of EVs and the proportion of EPA in circulating EVs was strongly associated with EV-stimulated thrombin generation. This study revealed that the additional 1 g/d EPA delivered in the fish oil supplements is required to decrease the numbers and thrombogenic capacity of EVs, since oily fish at a level achievable in the diet had no effect. Increasing EPA intake beyond current guidelines for oily fish consumption may therefore be required for cardiovascular benefits relating to EVs.

Whole-body and regional raw bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) parameters have been used to develop lean soft tissue estimation prediction models. Still, no regional fat mass (FM) assessment models have been provided. Hence, we aimed to develop and validate BIA-derived equations to predict regional FM against dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in healthy adults. One hundred and forty-eight adults (77 females) were included in this cross-sectional investigation. DXA assessed whole-body and regional FM, and raw bioelectrical parameters of distinct body regions were measured using a 50 kHz phase-sensitive BIA analyzer. BIA-derived equations were developed for each sex using a stepwise multiple linear regression approach in 2/3 of the sample and cross-validated in the remaining sample. The BIA-derived equations exhibited moderate to very strong relationships (p < 0.001) with DXA-measured FM of all body regions in females (r=0.650 to 0.907) and males (r=0.401 to 0.807). Also, for all the models, no significant deviation from linearity was found (p>0.10). Agreement analyses revealed no associations between the differences and the means of the predicted and DXA-derived FM. However, the limits of agreement were large, with individual errors exceeding 50% in females and 70% in males. While the new BIA-derived equations provide a valid estimate of regional FM in middle-aged healthy adults at the population level, demonstrating a cost-effective alternative to DXA for assessing regional FM, caution is advised when applying these equations for individual-level analysis.

There has been concern regarding the consumption of fruit juices because of the high levels of naturally occurring sugars they contain, which could rapidly elevate glycaemic response and increase the risk of cardiometabolic diseases. We conducted two trials in which each volunteer ingested (1) white bread with 200 mL of two types of orange juice prepared from ‘Moro’ and ‘Pera’ varieties (MOJ and POJ) – the former containing anthocyanins – and the same juices alone; and (2) 200 mL of POJ or MOJ followed by a sandwich made with white bread, plus light cheese or butter, and also the same juices alone. Capillary blood was collected over 120 minutes, and glucose and insulin levels were analysed. In the crossover clinical design with healthy volunteers, we observed that both orange juices do not increase blood glucose and insulin, even when co-consumed with other typical breakfast foods in Brazil. In conclusion, orange juice does not elevate postprandial glycaemic responses to the meal while providing additional sugars and nutrients.

Studies on longitudinal associations between diet quality and lipid and amino acid metabolism in children and adolescents are limited. We studied associations between diet quality and serum markers of lipid and amino acid metabolism in the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children (PANIC) study. These analyses included 403 children aged 6–9 years at baseline, 360 re-examined two years later at age 9–11 years, and 219 eight years later at age 15–17 years. Food intake was recorded over four days, and diet quality assessed using the Finnish Children Healthy Eating Index (FCHEI). Fasting serum fatty acids, amino acids, apolipoproteins, and lipoprotein particle sizes were analyzed via nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Linear mixed-effects models, adjusted for sex, age, body fat percentage, pubertal stage, and physical activity, were used to analyze the associations. Better diet quality was linked to increased serum polyunsaturated fatty acids and reduced saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, alanine and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particle size. Consuming more vegetables, fruits, berries, vegetable oils and margarine with at least 60% fat, fish, and whole grains associated with higher serum polyunsaturated fatty acids and lower saturated fatty acids and smaller VLDL particles. Conversely, consuming higher-fat dairy products and sugary products associated with higher saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, branched-chain and aromatic amino acids, and larger VLDL particles. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, unsaturated fats, and fiber, with reduced processed meat and sugar consumption, promotes favorable metabolic changes relevant to cardiometabolic health.

Low vitamin D associated with high parathyroid hormone (PTH) is commonly reported in the context of HIV infection. We determined the association between total 25-hydroxyvitamin-D [25(OH)D] and PTH in adolescents living with HIV, in Zambia and Zimbabwe. Adolescents (11-19 years) perinatally-infected with HIV and established on antiretroviral therapy (ART) for ≥6 months were recruited into a cross-sectional study. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics were recorded, anthropometry measured, and fasted serum concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D (1,25(OH)2D), total 25(OH)D and intact PTH measured. The association between total 25(OH)D and PTH was examined using natural cubic spline regression modelling. 842 participants (female: 53.2%) with median age 15.5 (IQR:13.2-17.9) years were enrolled. Median ART duration was 9.8 [IQR:6.3-12.3] years and 165/841 (19.6%) had an HIV viral load >60copies/ml. Stunting (HAZ score<-2) and underweight (WAZ score<-2) were observed in 29.9% and 30.0% respectively. Three quarters (n=639) reported daily calcium intakes <150mg/day. The mean (SD) concentrations of total 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D were 66.1(16.5) nmol/L and 210.6(70.4) pmol/L respectively, and median PTH level was 4.3 (IQR:3.3-5.5) pmol/L. There was an inverse non-linear relationship between total 25(OH)D and PTH, 25(OH)D levelling-off at 74.6nmol/L (95%CI: 74.5-75.2). Results were consistent in those taking tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (81.7%) and in those who were virally unsuppressed. In this population with extremely low habitual calcium intakes, the lack of association between 25(OH)D and PTH when 25(OH)D exceeded 75nmol/L, potentially suggests levels of 25(OH)D >75nmol/l may need to be achieved to improve bone health; investigation is needed in future research studies.

To assess the relationship between total body fat percentage(TBFP), trunk fat percentage(TFP), and urinary flow rate(UFR).We stratified by age and sex and hypothesize that TBFP and TFP are negatively associated with UFR across all groups.The study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), which includes a series of nationally representative cross-sectional surveys. The data analyzed in this study included 18-59-year-old females and males who participated in the NHANES surveys conducted between 2011 and 2018. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models were used to examine the association between body fat percentages measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans and UFR.A total of 10,521 participants were included and an increase in total body fat percentage(TBFP) was inversely associated with in UFR (β= -0.013,95% confidence interval[CI]-0.018 to -0.007), Similarly,an increase in trunk fat percentage(TFP)was inversely associated with UFR(β=-0.014,95%CI-0.018 to -0.009).Stratified analyses by gender revealed that among males, an increase in TBFP and TFP was inversely associated with in UFR (β=-0.011, 95% CI -0.019 to -0.004; β=-0.016, 95% CI -0.022 to -0.009), although this association was not observed in the 18-35 age group. Among females, an increase in TBFP and TFP was inversely associated with UFR (β= -0.016, 95% CI -0.023 to -0.008; β= -0.012, 95% CI -0.019 to -0.006), and this association was observed across all age groups.Our study shows that in the population aged 18 to 59, both total body fat and truncal fat accumulation are inversely associated with urinary flow rate. However, the association in males under 35 is not significant. Future research should delve into the mechanisms behind these gender and age differences to provide a more precise basis for developing targeted prevention and intervention measures.

There is a growing focus on understanding the complexity of dietary patterns and how they relate to health and other factors. Approaches that have not traditionally been applied to characterize dietary patterns, such as latent class analysis and machine learning algorithms, may offer opportunities to characterize dietary patterns in greater depth than previously considered. However, there has not been a formal examination of how this wide range of approaches has been applied to characterize dietary patterns. This scoping review synthesized literature from 2005-2022 applying methods not traditionally used to characterize dietary patterns, referred to as novel methods. MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Scopus were searched using keywords including latent class analysis, machine learning, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator. Of 5274 records identified, 24 met the inclusion criteria. Twelve of 24 articles were published since 2020. Studies were conducted across 17 countries. Nine studies used approaches with applications in machine learning, such as classification models, neural networks, and probabilistic graphical models, to identify dietary patterns. The remaining studies applied methods such as latent class analysis, mutual information, and treelet transform. Fourteen studies assessed associations between dietary patterns characterized using novel methods and health outcomes, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and asthma. There was wide variation in the methods applied to characterize dietary patterns and in how these methods were described. The extension of reporting guidelines and quality appraisal tools relevant to nutrition research to consider specific features of novel methods may facilitate consistent reporting and enable synthesis to inform policies and programs.

This study aimed to assess the concordance between different anthropometric indexes in the Global Leaders Initiated Malnutrition Standards (GLIM) and the Geriatric Risk Index (GNRI) for evaluating muscle mass, while also exploring performance-based criteria for GLIM muscle content suitable for elderly patients with intermediate and advanced tumors. A total of 312 patients admitted to Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital between September 2022 and June 2023 were retrospectively included. Nutritional assessments were conducted using the GLIM framework, employing grip strength, upper arm circumference, and calf circumference as criteria for muscle content evaluation. The diagnostic value of these tools was compared against the GNRI as a reference standard. Among the participants, 127 (40.71%) were diagnosed as malnourished by GNRI, while the GLIM assessments yielded 138 (44.23%), 128 (41.03%), and 162 (51.92%) malnutrition diagnoses based on grip strength, calf circumference, and upper arm circumference, respectively. Both GNRI and GLIM-grip strength were significantly associated with complications and length of hospital stays. Notably, using GNRI as a reference, GLIM-grip strength demonstrated good consistency in diagnosing malnutrition (K value = 0.692, P < 0.001), with calf circumference having the highest diagnostic value. In conclusion, grip strength is a practical and effective performance-based criterion within the GLIM standards and has the potential to enhance malnutrition diagnosis in elderly patients with advanced malignancies, highlighting its relevance in nutritional science.

The therapeutic effects of soy consumption on adipokine concentrations have yielded inconsistent results in previous meta-analyses. This umbrella meta-analysis aims to investigate the impact of soy and its isoflavones on serum adiponectin and leptin levels in adults. We searched the Cochrane Central, Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases until October 10, 2024. The articles were restricted to those written in English. We included meta-analysis studies that evaluated the effects of soy and its isoflavones on levels of adiponectin and leptin and reported effect sizes (ES) and corresponding confidence intervals (CI). Two independent reviewers screened all articles based on eligibility criteria and extracted the required data from the included meta-analyses. The meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model in STATA software. Six meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the current umbrella meta-analysis. The findings indicated that soy and its isoflavones did not have a significant effect on adiponectin (ES= 0.10; 95% CI: -0.22, 0.41; P=0.55; I2= 51.8%) and leptin (ES= -0.37; 95% CI: -1.35, 0.61; P=0.46; I2= 71.2%) concentrations. Subgroup analysis based on participants’ mean age, total sample size, and duration was conducted. Results showed that the effect is not statistically significant in any of the subgroups. In conclusion, soy and its isoflavones could not improve the adipokines mentioned above. However, further high-quality research in different countries is required to substantiate these findings.