Leaves of two species, alder (Alnus glutinosa) and holm-oak (Quercus ilex), were exposed in bags of two mesh sizes in two climatically contrasting sites of a Corsican softwater stream. Leaves were incubated both in winter and in summer for about 6 months. The field experiment was designed to determine the influence of both spatial (climate) and temporal (season) variations of temperature, as well as differences in the chemical and physical properties of sclerophyllous and malacophyllous leaves, on leaf decomposition rates. Comparisons were made between leaves colonized by macroinvertebrates and leaves protected by finemesh. In winter and summer, holm-oak leaves were colonized much less by macroinvertebrates than alder leaves. Spatial and temporal differences in leaf litter processing were mainly dependent on three factors (i) the chemical and physical properties of the leaves, (ii) the abundance of macroinvertebrates in the sediment and (iii) the temperature. The climatical pattern of temperature had a greater influence than its seasonal pattern. In contrast with many other studies, abiotic factors dominated over biotic factors in this study.

A limnological study was performed out, over 8 years from 1979 to 1986, in a shallow recently created sand-pit lake,Lake Créteil (Paris suburb, France). The lake is mainly supplied by phreatic waters. Typical of shallow waters, thermal stratification which occurred from May to October was intermittently broken by wind, leading to high seasonal fluctuations and allowing a reoxygenation of the total water column. The interannual development of the lake was characterized by a regular increase in transparency (from 1 m in 1979 to 2.7 m in 1985) which was partly due to not only stabilization of the bottom sediment and the banks, but also to a reduction of the biological component. A decrease in chlorophyll a concentrations resulted from nutrient diversion of domestic inputs collected through the rainwater pipe cominginto the lake. The rapid restoration of water quality shows that this small artificial lake is very sensitive to human interventions.

Perennial Oued Zegzel and temporary Oued Cherraa are parts of the same watercourse. Coinertia analysis showed the cleardistinction between these two parts and the close relationship of the faunal assemblages with the characteristics of the water. Theheadwater course of the Zegzel is covered with dense terrestrial vegetation whose debris were consumed by abundant shreddersdominated by the prosobranch Melanopsis praemorsa. The lower course of the Zegzel has sparse riparian vegetation and muchfine detritus, and collectors such as Ecdyonurus rothschildi, Caenis luctuosa, the Diptera Corynoneurinae and Tanytarsini,occurred. In contrast, dry, flowing-, and standing-water periods succeed each other in the Cherraa and terrestrial vegetation oftengrows in its bed. M. praemorsa was replaced by the air-breathing pulmonate Physa acuta, accompanied by the adults and larvaeof flying insects. However many shredders did not develop on the abundant plant litter. The short length of the submersionperiod was probably responsible for this lack of efficiency in the exploitation of such a non-limiting food resource.

Le taux de croissance de Scenedesmus crassus est décrit en fonction de l'intensité lumineuse. Différentes expressions de cette fonction sont testées. Les paramètres de l'équation résultante sont alors exprimés en fonction de la température. La comparaison des taux de croissance observés et simulés met en évidence la valeur prédictive du système élaboré.

Three males of Cryptocandona vavrai were discovered in geographically distant sites (UK, France, Romania), representingdifferent environments (surface and underground waters). The species may be considered a parthenogen with rare occurrence ofsingle males, the morphology of which was hitherto poorly known. The first complete description of males is given, which, togetherwith comparative descriptions of females from surface waters at the UK site and underground waters at an additional sitein eastern France, as well as consideration of the shape and size of the last juvenile stages, permits the presentation of a morecomplete description and an amended diagnosis of the species. Cryptocandona vavrai takes an intermediate position in thegenus, lodged between stygobitic species and the cluster of more primitive C. reducta and C. brehmi. Due to a number of traits(broad calcified inner lamella of the valves, 3rd ramus podomere of the antennule lacking the posterior seta, hook-like shortestterminal seta of the cleaning leg, specific morphology of the male prehensile palps and hemipenis lobes) C. vavrai is fairly easilyrecognised, although there seems to be considerable intraspecific variation. The comparison between females from surfaceand underground waters revealed substantial elongation of the apical antennal claws, aesthetascs and the distal claw of the walkingleg in the latter population. The major difference recorded among the compared males is the underdevelopment of the externalclaw z2 on the 3rd endopodial podomere of the antenna in the male from the underground waters in Romania. The revealedvariation could indicate that some populations may deserve a separate (sub-specific) taxonomic status. Finally, available data onthe distribution and ecology of this species are summarised.

Répartition géographique comparée des trois espèces de Rhithrogena du groupe germanica sensu stricto de l'Ouest del'Europe et de l'Afrique du Nord. Redescription de l'holotype de Rh. soteria Navás, 1917 (imago male, terra typica : l'Espagne) et description de Rh. ryszardi n. sp. (imago male) provenant du Moyen Atlas. Cette dernière est nettement moins orophile que les trois autres espèces de ce genre déjà signalées du Maroc.

Pour D. gonocephala, les limites de survie indéfinie à température constante et en eau agitée sont voisines de 20-21° C. Par sa résistance thermique comme par sa répartition dans la nature, cette espèce se montre remarquablement intermédiaire entre Polycelis felina et Polycelis nigra.

Escherichia coli is an indicator of fecal pollution used to mandate recreational and drinking water quality. Concentrations of culturable E. coli following contamination of surface water are determined by three factors: dilution; cell attachment to particulate material and settling or resuspension in the water column; and the net rate of change in viability. This study evaluated the variability in the latter parameter, and how predictive variation in death rate was of culturable population densities at the time of sampling. Water samples (N=232) with varying levels of E. coli contamination were collected from 46 discrete locations in four watersheds across Canada over a three-month period and enumerated for culturable E. coli by membrane filtration plate counting (T0EC). Water samples were again enumerated following a laboratory 24 h holding period at 30°C in the dark, and the difference considered the death rate (ΔEC). Relationships of T0EC and ΔEC with environmental and water chemistry factors were explored using step-wise multiple regression. The model predicting T0EC indicated that stream order, total rainfall seven days in advance of sampling day, total phosphorus, and ΔEC were the most significant contributors. The model predicting ΔEC indicated that turbidity and NH3+NH4 were the most important contributors. A model suggests that the persistence factor is less important than dilution (i.e. stream order) in describing E. coli densities, followed by factors that influence the loading of E. coli into watersheds.

Des expérimentations de terrain en parcelles limitées ont permis, à partir de piégeages d'adultes, d'évaluer l'impactde huit insecticides sur des populations larvaires composées de 82 % de Chironomus salinarius, de 12 % de Chironomushalophilus et de Chironomus plumosus et 6 % d'autres espèces non identifées. Le diflubenzuron et les toxines de Bacillus thuringiensis H 14 et Bacillus sphaericus n'ont pas d'effet marqué aux doses détruisant les larves de moustiques. A ces mêmes doses, le fénitrothion, le téméphos et la deltaméthrine limitent fortement l'émergence. Le chlorpyrifos et le S 31183 (juvénoïde Sumitomo) sont très toxiques.

Une étude typologique est effectuée sur la Loue, grand cours d'eau à Salmonidés du massif du Jura, à l'aide de la méthode d'analyse factorielle des correspondances.

Cette méthode est appliquée à l'analyse des variations longitudinales de 18 composantes physico-chimiques et de la distribution de 135 espèces de Poissons (18 espèces), Plécoptères (27 espèces), Éphéméroptères (33 espèces) et Trichoptères (57 espèces) sur 18 stations jalonnant les 126 km du cours d'eau.

Les structures biologiques sont déterminées séparément pour chaque ordre puis pour l'ensemble de la faune étudiée ; 4 groupements et 12 noyaux d'affinités écologiques sont mis en évidence.

L'analyse mésologique fait apparaître une participation hiérarchisée des paramètres mais aussi l'absence d'une structure abiotique nette soulignant le caractère intégrateur des espèces et faisant appel à la notion de « complexes paramétriques équivalents ».

Les résultats obtenus au niveau des espèces, du cours d'eau lui-même et des paramètres physico-chimiques sont commentés puis confrontés ; l'intérêt de la recherche typologique est alors mis en évidence parallèlement au caractère essentiellement relatif du déterminisme des espèces et de leurs groupements.

Excessive sedimentation of fine particles on stream beds has been recognized as a major threat to running-water ecosystems. Deposition of fine sediments often affects hyporheic zone (HZ) functioning by (1) reducing hydrological exchanges at the water–sediment interface and by (2) increasing the organic matter (OM) content of surface sediments. These two factors usually occur concurrently to control biogeochemical processes in sediments. In the present study, experimental and modelling approaches were coupled to evaluate the contribution of these factors on the biogeochemical functioning of the HZ. We used a one-dimensional (1D) vertical model taking into account the hydrodynamic properties, the vertical distribution of the OM and the main microbial processes involved in OM processing (aerobic respiration, denitrification, nitrification and sulphate reduction). This Mobile-Immobile Model for Organic Matter (MIM-OM) model was calibrated and validated using experimental data (conservative tracer, dissolved oxygen and nitrate concentrations) obtained in filtration columns filled with a porous sedimentary matrix. Simulations showed that organic carbon content and Darcy velocity acted in concert to shape biogeochemical processes in stream sediments. The use of the MIM-OM model on data obtained in filtration columns impacted by fine sediment deposition indicated that the biodegradability of the OM (modified through the degradation parameter kPOC) also played a key role on biogeochemical processes occurring in sediments. In conclusion, the MIM-OM model appears as an efficient simulation tool to evaluate biogeochemical functioning in river sediments under different conditions (granulometry, quality of surface water and clogging).

L'étude de la reproduction et du cycle de développement de certaines populations des deux espèces jumelles P. nigra et P. tenuis a permis de déterminer leur taux intrinsèque d'accroissement naturel. Par rapport aux trois espèces rhéophiles précédemment examinées, celui-ci révèle chez ces Planaires limnophiles, d'une part une eurythermie plus grande et d'autre part une capacité reproductrice plus élevée en milieu stagnant. Ces propriétés semblent être en relation avec les conditions d'habitat des animaux.

Numeric models simulating the principal components in lake ecosystems do not, at the present time, satisfactorilydescribe the dynamics of the phosphorus in the water. This is primarily due to the great complexity of the exchangesthat take place between the PO4 and the other mineral or organic fractions, and to the difficulty in quantifying theseexchanges. Furthermore, the rapid dynamics of the exchanges involve timescales lesser than those used in the modelsto describe an ecosystem, which essentially use a one day step. Lastly, the analytic methods used provide a measureof forms of phosphorus which do not correspond to the functional entities simulated by the models.This paper summarizes present general knowledge of the phosphorus cycle in the microbial loop, of what it is normallypossible to measure, and what we currently know how to model.

Ammocoetes of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus, 1758) from an assumedly pristine tidal freshwater habitat were used for determination of metal levels and accumulation patterns with size. The individuals were collected during the winter of 2011 in river Minho (Iberian Peninsula, Southwest of Europe) and the levels of metals (Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Pb, Mn and Zn) in the whole body were analysed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Fe was the metal with highest levels (maximum of 1438 ppm), while Cd and Pb were the lowest accumulated elements (overall means of 0.093±0.065 ppm and 0.259±0.094 ppm, respectively). Larger ammocoetes seemed prone to accumulate Cu, Fe and Mn (P<0.05). Pb and Zn levels also seemed to increase with ammocoetes size; however, statistical differences were not found between size classes (P>0.05).

Dans cette première note, 13 taxons, dont 5 endémiques de Nouvelle-Calédonie, sont examinés au microscope électronique à balayage (M.E.B.) et au microscope électronique à transmission (M.E.T.). La liste des espèces observées est la suivante : Amphipleura guillauminii, Achnanthes lata, Brachysera neocaledonica var. angusta (nov. comb.), Cocconeis neocaledonica, Cymbella delicatula, Cymbella subturgida, Denticula elegans, Epithemia cistula, Navicula bryophila, Navicula viridula var. rostellata, Stenopterobia intermedia, Surirella neocaledonica var. punctata. La structure de Cocconeis neocaledonica Maillard se révèle très originale.

A new species of small cyclopoids from subterranean waters of India is described in a newly established subgenus,Kiefercyclops n.sg., of the genus Haplocyclops Kiefer, 1952. Genital double-somite with ovipores situated in the posterior half,antennula without the lateral seta on the ultimate segment, and caudal rami with the lateral seta inserted in the proximal half areamong the most important characters of H. (K.) fiersi n.sp., that warrant its position in the genus Haplocyclops. Also, the newspecies differs from the other six congeners by several autapomorphic characters, most of them being reductions in armatureand/or segmentation of the appendages. In particular, the degree of reductions concerning the segmentation of the swimminglegs makes it the most reduced free-living cyclopoid, with both rami of third and fourth legs, as well as the endopod of secondleg being one-segmented in both sexes. A key to species of Haplocyclops is given at the end of this paper.

The chemical composition of the river Bernesga has been evaluated throughout four seasonal sampling studies at twelvesampling points. The tendency towards an increase in mineralization all along the river can be observed when using a principal component analysis to the complete data gathered. A temporal differentiation based on the variations which affect the flow rate through out the year is also established.The spatial organization defined by the second component enables us to use the scores as the starting point in order to determine the value of the chemical distance between the different sampling stations. The contrast between the chemical and actual distance gives an overall view of the river, which is a reflection of what happens on its course with regard to its chemical processes.

A preliminary study of the rotifer fauna of Ile Amsterdam (T.A.A.F.), southern Indian Ocean, yielded seven taxa. Brachionus amsterdamensis sp. nov. is described. Information on the morphology of the trophi of Brachionus dimidiatus is presented.

Deux espèces de Simulies appartenant au groupe de Simulium monticola (Friederichs) sont décrites d'après du matériel récolté dans des ruisseaux froids de haute altitude dans le Haut Atlas central. Simulium atlasicum est connue dans une seule station, à 2 100 m d'altitude. Simulium berberum a été récoltée dans cinq stations entre 2 300 et 3 200 m d'altitude.

En dépit de l'importance des micro-organismes dans le processus de décomposition de la matière organique dans le milieu aquatique, les études sur leur dynamique et leur mode d'action restent restreintes.Dans cette étude nous essayons de quantifier l'activité des micro-organismes en suivant la dynamique des cellulases, des hydrolases et des déshydrogénases, groupes d'enzymes intervenant dans la transformation de la matière organique de structure complexe en substances simples. Les résultats montrent une liaison entre la vitesse de décomposition des feuilles du saule et l'activitéenzymatique des micro-organismes associés. Les fortes valeurs de l'activité des micro-organismes s'observent sur les feuilles incubées dans le site amont du Zeghzel où le processus de décomposition est plus rapide.Le séchage des feuilles, avant leur immersion dans l'eau, influence profondément l'activité hydrolytique et cellulolytique, alors que l'activité des oxydo-réductases reste indifférente à l'état du matériel en décomposition. L'activité déshydrogénasique est importante au printemps, s'accentue en été et s'atténue en automne et en hiver. L'activité cellulolytique est très prononcée pendant la saison automnale. Elle est plus élevée dans la Branche Sud-Ouest que dans les deux autres stations étudiées. Malgrél'existence de variations spatiale (entre les trois sites) et temporelle (entre les saisons) les dynamiques des trois groupes enzymatiques semblent très dépendantes les unes des autres.