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17183 results in Latin American government, politics and policy

Page 303 of 860

  • Ricardo Falla: Genocide, Indigenous People, and the Art of Resistance

  • Manolo E. Vela Castañeda
  • Journal:
    Latin American Research Review / Volume 54 / Issue 1 / 10 April 2019
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    10 April 2019, pp. 262-268
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  • This essay reviews the following works:

    Del proceso de paz a la masacre de Alaska: Guatemala 1994–2012. By Ricardo Falla. Al atardecer de la vida … Escritos de Ricardo Falla, SJ, Volume 1. Guatemala: AVANCSO, Asociación para el Avance de las Ciencias Sociales en Guatemala; IEHR, Instituto de Estudios del Hecho Religioso de la Universidad Rafael Landívar; Editorial Universitaria de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, 2013. Pp. xvii + 424. ISBN: 9789929663022.

    Cuadros sueltos que prefiguran el siglo XXI: Honduras 1993–2001. By Ricardo Falla. Al atardecer de la vida … Escritos de Ricardo Falla, SJ, Volume 2. Guatemala: AVANCSO, Asociación para el Avance de las Ciencias Sociales en Guatemala; IEHR, Instituto de Estudios del Hecho Religioso de la Universidad Rafael Landívar, 2014. Pp. xxxi + 448. ISBN: 9789929663046.

    Ixcán: el campesino indígena se levanta: Guatemala 1966–1982. By Ricardo Falla. Al atardecer de la vida … Escritos de Ricardo Falla, SJ, Volume 3. Guatemala: AVANCSO, Asociación para el Avance de las Ciencias Sociales en Guatemala; IEHR, Instituto de Estudios del Hecho Religioso de la Universidad Rafael Landívar; Editorial Universitaria de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, 2015. Pp. xxxviii + 600. ISBN: 9789929663053.

    Ixcán: Masacres y sobrevivencia: Guatemala 1982. By Ricardo Falla. Al atardecer de la vida … Escritos de Ricardo Falla, SJ, Volume 4 (a and b). Guatemala: AVANCSO, Asociación para el Avance de las Ciencias Sociales en Guatemala; IEHR, Instituto de Estudios del Hecho Religioso de la Universidad Rafael Landívar; Editorial Universitaria de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, 2016. Pp. xxxix + 703. ISBN: 9789929663077.

  • El éxito de los nuevos chamanes: Turismo místico en los Andes ecuatorianos

  • Alberto Del Campo Tejedor
  • Journal:
    Latin American Research Review / Volume 54 / Issue 1 / 10 April 2019
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    10 April 2019, pp. 89-102
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  • Los resultados de una etnografía multisituada desarrollada en 2015 y 2016 entre los saraguros, indígenas del Ecuador, permiten describir nueve factores que intervienen, con paradójicas relaciones, en el turismo místico andino. El neoincaismo esencialista, la concepción de una naturaleza prístina con lugares energéticos, el auge de la medicina ancestral, la idealización de lo comunitario como opuesto al estilo de vida occidental, el reconocimiento institucional de la interculturalidad y las culturas de los pueblos originarios, la ampliación internacional de las redes de la galaxia neoindia, el sincretismo new age, el capital cultural de los yachaks y la posibilidad de mercantilizar lo espiritual bajo formatos de fast rituals muestran la multidimensionalidad de un tipo de turismo que escapa a su simple categorización como auténtico o simulacro, y nos hace comprender —a la luz de un fenómeno glocal— el lugar en el mundo que ocupan actualmente muchos grupos indígenas en Latinoamérica.

  • Collusion and Cynicism at the Urban Margins

  • Katherine Sobering, Javier Auyero
  • Journal:
    Latin American Research Review / Volume 54 / Issue 1 / 10 April 2019
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    10 April 2019, pp. 222-236
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  • This article examines the clandestine connections between participants in the illicit drug trade and members of state security forces to understand how they impact everyday understandings of the law. Drawing on a unique combination of long-term ethnographic fieldwork in a poor, high-crime district in Argentina and wiretapped conversations drawn from a court case involving a drug trafficking group active in the same area, we find that traffickers use illicit relationships to maintain economic control of the territory, and that collusion fosters widespread cynicism about law enforcement among residents. This article expands the literature on the covert relationships between drug trade participants and agents of the state by detailing the inner workings of collusion. Furthermore, it analyzes residents’ perceptions of police complicity as an underexplored source of legal cynicism. Finally, it offers a methodological blueprint of how to access and analyze data that capture state actions usually hidden from public view.

  • Social Responses to Criminal Governance in Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte, Kingston, and Medellín

  • Enrique Desmond Arias
  • Journal:
    Latin American Research Review / Volume 54 / Issue 1 / 10 April 2019
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    10 April 2019, pp. 165-180
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  • Over the past generation Latin America has experienced high levels of criminal violence associated with extortion, the drug trade, and other criminal rackets. While there has been considerable research into the role of state policy in controlling criminal violence, there has been considerably less investment in analyzing the success of social action to control both police and criminal violence in the high-conflict zones where criminal groups operate. The inadequacy of the existing literature emerges at least in part from the limited data on successful social efforts to control violence in urban areas controlled by organized crime groups. Drawing on over three hundred qualitative interviews conducted in four cities in Latin America and the Caribbean over an extended period of time, this article examines the various strategies used by civic groups to control violent activities on the part of police and criminal groups. The article observes six different forms of social responses to violence and points to the conditions under which these actions emerge.

  • 1 - Introduction

  • from Part I - Introduction
  • Amy Erica Smith, Iowa State University
  • Book:
    Religion and Brazilian Democracy
    Published online:
    15 March 2019
    Print publication:
    28 March 2019, pp 3-25

  • Summary

    What has caused the religious polarization of Brazilian politics? And do the “culture wars” threaten or shore up democracy? The Introduction outlines the book’s argument. It then introduces the religious groups who are the protagonists of the story: evangelicals, Pentecostals, and Catholics. Brazilians in all demographic groups—men and women, young and old, in all regions of the country—have since the 1970s been leaving Catholicism and converting to evangelicalism and Pentecostalism. In response, non-Pentecostal religious groups have become “Pentecostalized,” adopting aspects of Pentecostalism. The chapter then considers the religious activism of these groups since Brazil’s return to democracy in 1985. While the Roman Catholic Church has largely avoided electoral politics, it has been active in promoting theological/political objectives such as support for religious education opposition to abortion. Meanwhile, evangelical and Pentecostal leaders have adopted a corporatist strategy that involves promoting ingroup candidates in elections.

  • 6 - Church Influence on Citizens’ Policy Views and Partisanship

  • from Part III - How Congregants Respond
  • Amy Erica Smith, Iowa State University
  • Book:
    Religion and Brazilian Democracy
    Published online:
    15 March 2019
    Print publication:
    28 March 2019, pp 99-112

  • Summary

    This chapter examines citizens’ policy views. Religious cleavages are pronounced and expanding on two issues: same-sex marriage and abortion. There is also a new, though yet small, religious gap in partisanship. By contrast, there is little difference across religious groups in attitudes toward most other policy issues. Congregants’ views on issues such as abortion mirror those of their own religious leaders, likely due both to selection and socialization. On the one hand, conservative citizens seek out conservative congregations. On the other hand, clergy influence those congregants who arrive in the pews. Many citizens are skeptical of mixing religion and politics, and resist clergy influence, but evangelicals and frequent church attenders are more readily influenced. Ultimately, the partial and asymmetric nature of clergy influence shapes Brazil’s culture wars. The fact that clergy influence a fairly narrow band of policy views may limit the scope of the culture wars at the citizen level. Nonetheless, the fact that the citizens who are most readily influenced tend to be conservatives, and ones within conservative congregations, polarizes Brazilian politics.

  • 8 - Church Influence on Citizen Support for Democracy

  • from Part III - How Congregants Respond
  • Amy Erica Smith, Iowa State University
  • Book:
    Religion and Brazilian Democracy
    Published online:
    15 March 2019
    Print publication:
    28 March 2019, pp 130-146

  • Summary

    This chapter argues that churches have multivalent impacts on Brazilian democracy. It adopts perspectives from theory on deliberative, liberal, and participatory democracy, as well as democratic legitimacy. First, congregational life shapes citizens’ trust in the institutions of the nation-state. Clergy support for democracy critically bolsters the system’s legitimacy, in a period when Brazilian citizens have become increasingly disenchanted with their current regime. Nonetheless, when clergy believe the political system is biased against their group, they undermine support for democracy and the political regime among citizens. Second, congregational life affects citizens’ attitudes toward outgroups. Both religious affiliation and church attendance decrease evangelical Brazilians’ willingness to extend civil liberties to groups they dislike. Third, many forces within religious institutions foster participation in non-electoral politics. Evangelicals and Catholics who attend religious services more frequently are more likely to contact their representatives, to sign petitions, and to participate in local level efforts to improve the community. Protest participation is a partial exception, however. While Catholic clergy often encourage participation in contentious politics, evangelical clergy and congregants tend to discourage it.

  • 7 - Church Influence on Voting Behavior

  • from Part III - How Congregants Respond
  • Amy Erica Smith, Iowa State University
  • Book:
    Religion and Brazilian Democracy
    Published online:
    15 March 2019
    Print publication:
    28 March 2019, pp 113-129

  • Summary

    This chapter considers how clergy influence congregants’ electoral behavior. To improve causal inference, several forms of evidence are brought to bear, including nationally representative surveys, survey experimental data, and quantitative and qualitative data from congregational studies. The balance of the evidence leads to the conclusion that clergy shape citizens’ political behavior—turnout, civic norms, and vote choice. However, influence is far from automatic. Once again, clergy and congregational influence is asymmetric, affecting religious conservatives more than others; those holding secular norms are less likely to be influenced. The evidence indicates that in some ways, religious politics in Brazil may be less polarized than sometimes thought. While religious groups often vote differently from each other, and are guided by cues within congregations, no party has developed strong voter loyalty within any particular religious group. Nonetheless, the growing conservatism of evangelicals is readily mobilized into electoral politics, pushing Brazilian politics rightward.

  • 3 - A Theory of Reactionary Waves

  • from Part I - Theoretical Considerations
  • Kurt Weyland, University of Texas, Austin
  • Book:
    Revolution and Reaction
    Published online:
    14 March 2019
    Print publication:
    28 March 2019, pp 43-70

  • Summary

    Bounded rationality offers the best approach for explaining Latin America's autocratic wave. Due to cognitive heuristics, the Cuban Revolution inspired among leftists excessively high hopes for replicating Castro's success. Drawing similar inferences from the Cuban precedent and therefore regarding the established order as fragile, rightists and elites feared the spread of Communism and forcefully combated revolutionary stirrings. Due to asymmetrical loss aversion, defenders of the status quo outnumbered challengers and acted with special fierceness. Counter-revolutionary efforts therefore led to harsh repression and the imposition of dictatorships. While shaped by cognitive mechanisms (heuristics and loss aversion), the reactionary backlash to the Cuban Revolution was mediated by the organization of the contending forces. Broad-based, pluralistic parties that engaged in internal discussion and deliberation loosened the bounds of rationality and deviated less starkly from conventional cost-benefit calculations. By contrast, unorganized groupings fell prey to the problematic inferences suggested by cognitive heuristics, and tight-knit, uniformity-seeking organizations reinforced the deleterious impact of these distortions.

Page 303 of 860