This chapter examines the impacts of heterogeneities in utility model regime accessibility around the world. Accessibility of an intellectual property right is conceptualized in terms of how difficult it is to obtain and maintain from the government. I summarize work in progress of mine that provides quantitative evidence from a sample of 25 major economies, over time, of an inverted U-curve between utility model regime accessibility and utility model usage. I also show that firms may substitute other means of appropriability for utility models when a utility model regime is less accessible and conventional patent regimes offer stronger rights. Lastly, I summarize qualitative work of mine that examines a subset of these economies. I show that utility model regimes may be made less accessible over time to limit quality problems with the rights, although the exact parameters of these reforms need to be decided on an economy-by-economy basis.

The Johnson legend owes most to James Boswell, yet despite writing the classic biography Boswell only knew Johnson in the last twenty-one years of his life, and less well than other biographers. There were also several short biographies, part of a vast literature on Johnson which was already sizeable in his lifetime. Much of it was hostile: he was caricatured as inhuman, dictatorial, and aggressive. Boswell, notwithstanding the brilliance of his account, was partly to blame for cementing this idea: he privileged Johnson as a debater over the other sides of a very complicated personality, and sometimes turned Johnson’s conversations into monologues. The Romantics, who despised Johnson’s literary principles, amplified this caricature, and the nineteenth century was in general a low point of Johnson’s critical reputation. Yet his books were widely read in the nineteenth century, and in the twentieth he won many admirers among both scholars and authors.

This chapter presents themes that appear in earlier chapters and makes the case for legal reform to create an agricultural framework that represents the “real” west, rather than John Dutton’s west.

Chapter 1 concentrates on the extent to which the relative fluidity of belief that was tolerated prior to the late 1540s in Italy was manifested visually. It analyses cases of artists who embraced theological ideas that would later be deemed doctrinally unacceptable by the Catholic Church, highlighting the complexities of reading heterodox meanings into their output.

The rules of macroscopic elastic response are derived in an exact way by first stating the time rate at which mechanical work is performed in deforming a collection of molecules, which is the time rate at which internal elastic energy is being reversibly stored in the molecular bonds. From this work rate, the definition of the average stress tensor is obtained as well as the exact statement of the strain rate. An additional time derivative of the average stress tensor then gives Hooke’s law in its most general nonlinear form. How the elastic stiffnesses in Hooke’s law change with changing strain is derived. Displacement is defined and the shape change and volume change of a sample are understood through how the displacements of the surface bounding the sample are related to the strain tensor. Elastodynamic plane body-wave response is obtained, as is reflection and refraction of plane body waves from an interface and evanescent surface waves. It is shown how sources of elastodynamic waves such as cracking and explosions are represented as equivalent body forces.

Unlike most of the other jurisdictions discussed in this book, the United States (US) does not currently have, nor did it ever have, a utility model or other system of second-tier patent protection. This being said, discussion and debate over the institution of such a system in the US has been ongoing for more than a century. In this chapter, we discuss the history and current status of this debate, as well as alternative approaches that US agencies and legislators have taken to address the needs and concerns of small and medium-sized inventors.

Paediatric orthopaedic surgery is wide-ranging in scope and complexity. Many patients have coexisting conditions, including cerebral palsy and neuromuscular diseases. Cerebral palsy presents a wide spectrum of motor dysfunction. Preoperative assessment must be guided by associated comorbidities and particularly evaluate respiratory function and any associated cardiac disease. Patients with muscular dystrophy presenting for major orthopaedic or spinal surgery have a high risk of morbidity and mortality, which must be discussed preoperatively; inhalational agents must be avoided due to the risk of rhabdomyolysis. Patients with conditions including osteogenesis imperfecta and arthrogryposis must be carefully managed and meticulously positioned for surgery. Major orthopaedic and spinal surgery can be accompanied by a significant risk of bleeding. Multimodal analgesic strategies, including the use of local anaesthetic blocks, should be used. Scoliosis may be congenital, acquired or idiopathic. Adolescent children with idiopathic scoliosis are often otherwise fit and healthy. In contrast, patients with acquired neuromuscular scoliosis often have significant comorbidities, particularly poor cardiorespiratory function, epilepsy and poor nutrition. Elective postoperative ventilation is frequently required. Intraoperative neuromonitoring is employed to detect and prevent potential spinal cord injury. Total intravenous anaesthesia is required for robust neuromonitoring of motor pathways, and muscle relaxation must be avoided intraoperatively.

Exhibitions were seized on by the leaders and bureaucrats of the new Meiji state, following their experience abroad, as a way of promoting industry (kangyō), both by encouraging competition among producers at home and by fostering exports abroad. This chapter explores their early efforts, examining in detail the First Domestic Industrial Exhibition in Tokyo in 1877, and tracing its relationship to both the international exhibitions at which the government sought to impress the white world (Vienna 1873, Philadelphia 1876, Paris 1878 and 1889), and its domestic successors (Tokyo 1881 and 1890). Exhibitions at home served to create a nationwide network of officials and institutions devoted to industry, but they proved less effective at disciplining exhibitors or visitors. After twenty years, in any case, industrialization at home was well under way. Official interest in exhibitions, and also European enthusiasm for Japanese export craft, was on the wane.

This chapter describes the principles and practice of anaesthesia for oncology treatments and other medical procedures. A comprehensive account of the assessment, planning and conduct of anaesthesia for these patients is given. Common paediatric cancers and their relevance to anaesthesia are discussed.

Plants have played a central role in cultural imaginaries across South and Central America and the Caribbean. This chapter, organised chronologically from the colonial period to the present, focuses on key literary traditions and/or works from Latin America and the Caribbean that engage directly with plants, including sugar cane, the ceiba pentandra, and rubber. The chapter includes discussion of a number of works in English, Portuguese, and Spanish, including John Grainger’s The Sugar-Cane (1764), Euclides da Cunha’s À margem da história [The Amazon: Land Without History] (1909), and Lydia Cabrera’s El Monte [The Wilderness] (1954). Although the works under discussion belong to different historical, national, and linguistic contexts, recurrent plant-inflected tropes and concerns emerge, including those relating to questions of aesthetics and literary form; cultural identity and belonging; environmental care and destruction; and the complex and ever-evolving relationships between human and non-human worlds.

Empirical evidence on the functioning of utility model (UM) systems is scarce compared to patent systems. This chapter applies the framework introduced by Heikkilä (2023a) to the empirical analysis of the Finnish UM system and its interaction with the Finnish patent system. The findings suggest that the UM system has promoted flexibility and inclusiveness of the Finnish patent system. There are systematic differences between Finnish UMs and patents: 1) UMs are members of smaller patent families, 2) UMs have smaller inventor teams, 3) grant lags of UMs are significantly shorter and 4) both Finnish patents and UMs receive few citations, but UMs receive systematically less. The aforementioned average differences between Finnish patents and UMs were much larger before Finland joined the European Patent Convention in 1996 which emphasizes the need to consider European integration and the evolution of European IPR institutions when evaluating UM systems.