This chapter covers principles of anaesthesia for children with congenital and inherited disease, with specific consideration of some conditions of particular relevance to paediatric anaesthetists, including the muscular dystrophies, malignant hyperthermia and the mucopolysaccharidoses.

This chapter asks the question: Where did Black individuals' desire for community commitment come from? The answer this, I draw on numerous primary and secondary sources starting in the Reconstruction era to show where Black voters' expectations of those representing them came from and how they shifted over time. The latter part of the chapter focuses on the Civil Rights Movement out of which many Black voters received the right to engage in politics. I contend that these new rights and those who helped acquire them for the Black community created the lens through which most Black people see effective leadership today, and solidified the desire for representatives willing to put their lives on the line for the sake of the racial group's progress.

The rules of war, formally known as international humanitarian law, have been developing for centuries, reflecting society’s moral compass, the evolution of its values, and technological progress. While humanitarian law has been successful in prohibiting the use of certain methods and means of warfare, it is nevertheless destined to remain in a constant catch-up cycle with the atrocities of war. Nowadays, the widespread development and adoption of digital technologies in warfare, including AI, are leading to some of the biggest changes in human history. Is international humanitarian law up to the task of addressing the threats those technologies can present in the context of armed conflicts? This chapter provides a basic understanding of the system, principles, and internal logic of this legal domain, which is necessary to evaluate the actual or potential role of AI systems in (non-)international armed conflicts. The chapter aims to contribute to the discussion of the ex-ante regulation of AI systems used for military purposes beyond the scope of lethal autonomous weapons, as well as to recognize the potential that AI carries for improving the applicability of the basic principles of international humanitarian law, if used in an accountable and responsible way.

In this chapter we explore the global financial system, which encompasses the institutions that carry out the financial decisions of households, firms, and governments. Up to this point in the book, we have presented principles, concepts, models, and analytical tools that are valid no matter what the institutional structure. In most cases the exact details of the institutions did not matter—for example, whether a company borrowed money from a small regional bank or a large international bank. However, in practice, the institutional structure does matter and you need to understand why and how in order to know what tools are best for financial decision making. There is a wide variety of different financial institutions across the globe that make up the financial system, and the nature and details of these institutions vary across different countries and also change over time. How can we understand why there are so many different financial institutions and the roles they play, when they are constantly changing?

A central part at biorefinery plants is the conversion of raw materials to the product of interest. The conversion process can be chemical or biological. The chemical conversion will be explained in this chapter and the biological conversion in Chapter 9. The basic principle for the chemical reaction process will be explained, including catalytic reactions, reaction kinetics, and mass transport

In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Shakespeare’s plants became the focus of popular printed books. Especially in the post-war period these volumes appear to have fed a thirst for nativist and nationalist consolation. The genre was for many years bound up with the practice – in Britain and America – of planting Shakespeare gardens in civic and public spaces. However, the popular modern culture of Shakespeare’s flowers diverts considerably from the ways in which plants appeared on the Shakespearean stage. In the plays, plants are used to question those social practices assumed to be inherently stable, even part of the natural order: kingship, Englishness, hierarchies of learning, even the very premise that plants (and the people who pick them) as themselves ‘native’. Close attention to Shakespeare’s dramatic use of plants therefore reveals a certain resistance to the very instincts – nationalist and nativist, pastoralist and conservative – for which his plants have been utilised in the last two centuries.

This chapter begins with a description of the arrival and proliferation of Fox News across the United States during its early years and concludes with a description and some analyses of Fox News’ content. Both demonstrations are critical to our case. The former is required because our identification strategy requires that we satisfy the assumption that the Fox News rollout was as-if random – or haphazard – in the sense that it is not related to political factors capable of shaping House members’ behavior. The latter is important for both our empirical evidence and theoretical arguments. First, if we expect the arrival and presence of Fox News to have a unique influence on elite political behavior, it is important to demonstrate whether and to what degree Fox News’ content is different from other networks. Second, examining Fox News’ content can tell us something about the mechanisms for its effects or the process by which it shapes the attitudes and behaviors of political elites.

This chapter is meant to be a student’s first introduction to tensors. Self-contained and complete, the student learns how tensors are defined, written, and used. The scalar and vector products are defined along with the physical meaning of the divergence and curl differential operations that act on tensors of any order. The integro-differential theorems are introduced in three dimensions, which include the fundamental theorem of calculus in three dimensions, Stokes’ theorem and the Reynolds’ transport theorem. The student learns how to derive a long list of tensor-calculus product rules that are valid in any coordinate system. The Taylor series in three-dimensional space is derived, which involves tensors of all orders. Functions of second-order tensors are defined. Isotropic tensors of all tensorial orders are obtained and used in proving Curie’s principle for the constitutive laws in an isotropic material. Tensor calculus in orthogonal curvilinear coordinates is developed. Finally, the Dirac delta function is introduced along with its integral and differential properties and uses.

This chapter describes the issuance and litigation of utility models (UMs) in Brazil. Although considered patents in Brazil, UMs have a different treatment from patents of invention (PIs), having some specificities such as those related to the requirements for protection and the term of duration. This chapter will provide an overview of the Brazilian Patent System by outlining the scope of protection and requirements to obtain a UM patent in comparison with PIs, and by commenting on the enforcement of these rights in the judicial and administrative spheres.

This chapter opens with a list of scenarios that are all examples of financial decisions. It introduces a scientific approach to analyzing and making such decisions. We first look at what finance is and at the various contributions a study of finance can make to individuals, firms, and societies. Next, we look at a general overview of the financial system and the roles that various actors play within it. We then explore ten unifying principles from which all the tools and techniques of modern finance can be derived.