Utility models, like patents, are increasingly being declared as “essential” to global industry standards, licensed together with standards essential patents (SEPs), and now even enforced in litigation. This study finds that nearly 1,000 standards-essential utility models (SEUMs) have been declared essential to broadly adopted industry standards. And though far less than other SEPs, SEUMs have been subject to litigation in China and Germany, and there appears to be no structural barrier to their litigation in other jurisdictions. These findings raise questions concerning the legal requirement to disclose and license SEUMs, the value of SEUMs for purposes of calculating FRAND royalty rates for individual firm portfolios and for determining top-down aggregated royalty rates for standards, as well as larger questions concerning the use of UMs to protect complex technological inventions that are also covered by patents.

Despite their centrality within discussions on AI governance, fairness, justice, and equality remain elusive and essentially contested concepts: even when some shared understanding concerning their meaning can be found on an abstract level, people may still disagree on their relation and realization. In this chapter, we aim to clear up some uncertainties concerning these notions. Taking one particular interpretation of fairness as our point of departure (fairness as nonarbitrariness), we first investigate the distinction between procedural and substantive conceptions of fairness (Section 4.2). We then discuss the relationship between fairness, justice, and equality (Section 4.3). Starting with an exploration of Rawls’ conception of justice as fairness, we then position distributive approaches toward issues of justice and fairness against socio-relational ones. In a final step, we consider the limitations of techno-solutionism and attempts to formalize fairness by design (Section 4.4). Throughout this chapter, we illustrate how the design and regulation of fair AI systems is not an insular exercise: attention must not only be paid to the procedures by which these systems are governed and the outcomes they produce, but also to the social processes, structures, and relationships that inform, and are co-shaped by, their functioning.

This chapter provides an outline of the areas of paediatric intensive care relevant to an anaesthetist. The chapter examines current epidemiology in critical care and the characteristics of children requiring transfer from local hospitals to specialist centres. It reviews differences between adult and paediatric respiratory physiology, outlines an approach to medications used in intubation and discusses respiratory support for critically unwell children. The chapter provides key basic guidance on the use of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) in children. Maintenance fluid and inotrope selection are also reviewed. The chapter also reviews presentations commonly encountered on paediatric intensive care units (PICU) across respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, renal, neurological, metabolic and infectious conditions. Neuroprotection criteria are provided, with key relevance to anaesthetists who may need to undertake time-critical transfers from their usual place of work to neurosurgical centres. Organ donation and non-accidental injury are also discussed.

The conclusion surveys the core interventions of the book: its conceptual and methodological work to open new pathways in African intellectual history beyond decolonisation through postcolonial civil wars to the present, among working-class migrants and war-displaced people, within the multiple discursive worlds (at home, in Sudan, and globally) accessible to them. This chapter challenges atheoretical interpretations of southern and South Sudanese politics, reasserting the place of political imagination in this history and demanding close engagement with everyday conversations over political ethnicity, wealth, class, and power. The chapter ends with a reflection based on conversations over 2015–23 with many of the same activists, teachers, and writers in South Sudan, on opportunities lost, and on continuing projects of political creativity today. As a history in the aftermath, the project was built during a time of a loss of optimism and political freedom, and is currently a history of possibilities lost.

Explores relationship of law to communal agriculture in three contexts; Indigenous communal grazing; Spanish and Mexican land grants; and Colorado state law of property rights.

In the previous chapter we focused on decisions within companies, and discussed decision rules that managers can follow to choose investment projects. A key takeaway is that managers should make project decisions that increase the value of the company. In this chapter, we explore how organization structure can support decision making that increases value. We also consider how in some circumstances it can cause poor decisions to be made that disadvantage the firm.

Many firms separate ownership and control—the people who run companies and make decisions (referred to as agents) are not always the same people who own the companies (known as principals). This separation offers many benefits, helping to guide companies toward optimal investment and operating decisions. However, it can also result in bad decisions being made. For example, managers and other stakeholders may have their own interests and take actions that benefit themselves but not the company.

Political possibilities closed down as the war ended in 2005. With the negotiation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement and the death of the SPLA’s leader John Garang – which sparked riots and racialised murder across Khartoum – many people’s connections and trust in inclusive intellectual and political projects were broken. This chapter briefly surveys the aftermath of the riots and peace process, which saw a massive movement of well over a million Khartoum residents to the south, where they reconstructed a very different set of neighbourhoods that in the late 2000s were often known as New Khartoums. The secession of South Sudan in 2011 was not a panacea or end goal of the long conflicts for many of these returned Khartoum residents. Reflecting discussions with returning residents over 2012 and 2013, the chapter examines the lost possibilities of the projects they undertook in Khartoum, and the closing space for political projects and democratic communities that they discussed and worked for during the war.

We tend to rehearse familiar narratives with the aid of familiar writing about plants, but a turn to the non-canonical helps us to understand those canonical works in rather different ways. This chapter argues that we should be alive to those longue durée yet intimate traditions that are so often the stuff of lone engagements with individual plants, and which are most often expressed as moments of intense emotion. The chapter also suggests that we should at least question that other familiar narrative of a newly discovered ‘Romantic’ transcendence: turning to moments of emotional engagement with plants both in earlier writing and in writing outside of the ‘Romantic’ tradition, helps us to recognise a much longer tradition of transcendent emotion of which the Romantics are only a part.

The plant as spectacle and specimen loomed large at the Great Exhibition of 1851, which celebrated human innovation in horticulture and botany. In the decades that followed, writers responded to the images of plant life and floral motifs that saturated visual culture, from botanical illustrations and flower painting to the new decorative schema developed by the Bloomsbury circle. This chapter traces the ways in which plants were revealed in new and sometimes unsettling forms in the literature, science and art of the fin de siècle and first decades of the twentieth century. While some writers looked at plants as if they were artworks, discoveries about plant sentience challenged existing taxonomies and critiques of materialism encouraged alternative understandings of vegetal life to emerge. The plant literature explored here – ranging across poetry, fiction, and art writing– turns out to offer a mirror for its authors’ aesthetic, ethical, and botanical concerns.