This chapter explores gender dimensions of biodiversity and nature conservation in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. It sheds light on the nature, scope, meaning, and barriers to gender-responsive implementation of biodiversity treaties in the region, and strategies to overcome these barriers and promote inclusive and equitable conservation efforts. Furthermore, the chapter will address the barriers to implementing gender-responsive biodiversity policies, such as societal norms, limited awareness, and institutional challenges. It will examine the importance of capacity building, stakeholder engagement, and knowledge-sharing platforms in overcoming these barriers and fostering an enabling environment for gender-responsive conservation practices. By emphasizing the value of gender equality and inclusivity in biodiversity governance, this chapter seeks to contribute to the ongoing discourse on integrating gender perspectives into environmental law and policymaking. The findings and recommendations presented aim to inform policymakers, practitioners, and researchers, providing actionable insights for promoting gender-responsive implementation of biodiversity and nature conservation treaties in the MENA region and beyond.

Chapter 6 discusses the policies of colonization in India in a comparative perspective with Korea and Taiwan under Japanese rule. In this chapter, I consider the differences in policies of colonization. At the time of independence, the share of industry in total GDP was not very different in the three countries. Modern industries had developed in India, Korea and Taiwan during the colonial period. The two big differences in colonial policies were with respect to agriculture and education. Japan imported essential food grains from the colonies. This prompted investment in improvements in agriculture to raise productivity. A large proportion of land came under irrigation in both colonies enabling introduction of new varieties of seeds. The British government in India did little to raise agricultural productivity. Second, the Japan as a colonizer expanded primary education, helping to create a literate workforce. A large proportion of industrial workers became literate. In India as a result of the emphasis on higher education, mainly the service sector occupations benefitted in terms of human capital.

There are myriad open questions and challenges for the Unified Patent Court (UPC) system and the unitary patent, which constitute a new layer to the European patent landscape on top of the existing courts and types of patents. One of those is the question of how this new system will interact with utility models, which seems to have mostly escaped academic scrutiny so far. This chapter explores this interaction, focusing predominantly on the consequences of the new unitary patent and the UPC for strategies surrounding patents and utility models, including the division of judicial competence. By considering, amongst other things, the complicated relationship and overlap of these rights, the limited but influential mandate of the UPC, the fragmented landscape for utility models, and the different sources of law governing a unitary patent, this chapter examines how litigation before the UPC may affect (strategies involving) utility models.

After the second world war, the International Court of Justice decided two contentious cases: Corfu Channel (1949), which addressed straits used for international navigation; and Fisheries (1951), which considered baselines marking the start of the territorial sea. Both were initiated by the United Kingdom after two other states, Albania and Norway respectively, tried to prevent British vessels from operating without permission in their coastal waters - warships in one case, trawlers in the other. Taken together, the decisions set out the parameters of the modern approach to the law of the sea: preserving the naval powers’ traditional freedoms of navigation while recognising the coastal states’ claims to resources in the waters off their coasts.

Violence can happen everywhere in the lives of young people with cognitive disability. Young people with cognitive disability, family members, and workers talk about what needs to change. Services need to work together to help young people with cognitive disability. Others need to know about and respect the culture of young people with cognitive disability. Others need to respect young people’s choices on whom they want to love. Young people with cognitive disability can be helped to understand what is violence. Services can change what they do so that they can keep young people with cognitive disability safe. Young people with cognitive disability say that there should be ‘nothing about us unless it is led by us’.

This chapter introduces competitive equilibrium pricing models and associated notions of optimality, as well as consumption–portfolio choice, using recursive utility in discrete and continuous time.

This chapter explains why education is a special application domain of AI that focuses on optimizing human learning and teaching. We outline multiple perspectives on the role of AI in education, highlighting the importance of the augmentation perspective in which human learners and teachers closely collaborate with AI supporting human strengths. To illustrate the variety of AI applications used in the educational sector, we provide an overview of students-faced, teacher-faced, and administrative AI solutions. Next, we discuss the ethical and social impacts of AI in education and outline how ethics in AI and education have developed from the Beijing consensus after UNESCO’s conference on AI in Education 2019, to the recent European ethical guidelines on the use of AI and data in teaching and learning for educators. Finally, we introduce an example of the Dutch value compass for the digital transformation of education and the embedded ethics approach of the National Education Lab AI around developing and cocreating new intelligent innovations in collaboration with educational professionals, scientists, and companies.

This chapter examines the importance of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) as tools for the management of fish and a wide range of other aquatic species below water. Drawing lessons from the MPA legal framework in Morocco, it examines the legal gaps and barriers in the management of MPAs and proposes recommendations on how to strengthen the management of MPAs to advance biodiversity and the protection of the marine and ocean ecosystem. This chapter examines how such legal barriers and gaps to the management of MPAs in Morocco can be coherently addressed to advance biodiversity and the conservation of the marine ecosystem.

For all uses of biomass, it is of paramount importance that we not only have information about biomass availability and its usefulness for bioprocessing for making any kind of commodity or chemicals, but that we are also aware that the use of biomass for bioprocessing often competes with a growing need for food. This chapter gives an overview of the global need for food, the potential of biomass production, and an introduction to the carbon cycle. The reader is introduced to production and collection of biomasses from land use, biomass of the future from the ocean, and biomass by separation of organic waste. Usefulness and ease of using biomass are related to composition; therefore, methods to analyze biomass composition and quality are presented.

Trauma is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in children in developed countries. Traumatic brain injury is responsible for the largest proportion of deaths. Preventable death due to major haemorrhage occurs early in the first 24 hours. Mechanisms vary with age. Blunt injury represents over 80% of cases. Falls and road traffic collisions (RTCs) are the most common mechanisms across all ages, except for non-accidental injury (NAI) in < 1 year olds. There has been a substantial rise in penetrating trauma due to gun and knife crime in the adolescent population. The centralisation of trauma services in the United Kingdom with the creation of regional networks has changed how paediatric trauma is managed. Severely injured children are triaged at scene and taken directly to major trauma centres (MTCs). Outcomes have improved, and there is better standardisation between treating institutions. Initial trauma management involves stabilisation, resuscitation, identification and treatment of life-threatening injuries in the primary survey. Some patients will need damage control surgery to control haemorrhage. This is followed by definitive care and rehabilitation. Anaesthetists are an integral part of the trauma team involved throughout the patient journey. Dedicated anaesthetic roles are airway management and ongoing resuscitation during surgery.

Kitui is a semi-arid and sparsely populated rural county, where low and unreliable rains create water insecurities for fragile cropping and livestock systems. Searching for and fetching water continue to dominate the daily lives of women and children, with households using around four different sources in a year. Rains drive a sharp shift in source choice from groundwater-based handpumps and piped schemes to free surface water sources, risking ill health. This, in turn, decrease revenues for water service providers, jeopardising operation and maintenance services in wet seasons. The Water Diaries reveal different expenditure groups, from those that incur no expenses throughout the year to those that pay more than 10 per cent of their annual expenditures for water. Yet daily consumption remains at only 20 litres per person. Donor investments in water security are fragile and fleeting with devolution transferring a legacy of past failures to newly elected county governments. The results of a professional service delivery model have illustrated how the government and donors can guarantee reliable drinking water services at lower costs, though action and uptake are slow. While hydroclimatic conditions are harsh, weak governance and opaque accountability compound challenges and waste investments.

Chemical industries must in the near future change their general basic raw materials from fossil carbon sources to renewables according to political decisions in most of the world. This is following concern over the use of raw materials that increase the concentration of green house gases like CO2 in the atmosphere. This calls for a new inventory of raw materials and extensive changes in the manufacturing process of many common chemicals. Chemical Product Design is a systematic procedure for inventing new ways of making chemical products and, in this chapter, we shall go through a number of cases where a radical new way of concepting chemicals and manufacturing processes is exemplified.

Thanks in part to a fee-free basic education policy, school enrolment in Rwanda has surged. More children, particularly those from poor families, now have access to more years within the public education system. At the same time, completion rates remain low and repetition rates remain high. This chapter looks at the ‘hidden costs’ of fee-free schooling in Rwanda. It pairs policy analysis with qualitative data gathering with children, families, teachers, and local and national decision-makers to consider why completion and transition rates aren’t as high as expected in the context of fee-free school. Findings suggest children continue to contend with a range of school-related costs that impact attendance, performance and completion. Examination fees, afterschool coaching, school feeding and ‘voluntary’ parent–teacher association dues shape children’s full participation in school. These ‘hidden costs’ are a key factor for why children do not complete their schooling. The notion of ‘culture’ or ‘backwards mindset’ as the primary reasons why families may choose not to send their children to school is challenged; instead there may be direct and indirect costs that are not accounted for, even in the context of a policy that appears to align with the Education for All agenda.

The demand for procedural sedation is increasing in children of all ages who due to anxiety, medical need or the requirements of the intervention or investigation need a periprocedural plan consisting non-pharmacological and pharmacological approaches. While paediatric procedural sedation is practised by many medical and nursing specialists, for varied indications and in differing hospital locations it remains the responsibility of anaesthetists to have a comprehensive understanding of this discipline in order to advance this field and maintain safety standards. In the past decade, guidelines have been developed to ensure that children who undergo sedation are managed by clinicians who can competently assess their needs, take informed consent and plan and deliver a safe and effective sedation strategy in multiple scenarios, such as for painless imaging, painful procedures, dentistry and endoscopy. Recent updated fasting guidelines which are less restrictive means that children will be hydrated, less irritable and more stable when sedated. The drug dexmedetomidine and its extremely favourable respiratory profile and low rate of airway and respiratory complications have changed the face of sedation for painless imaging and are allowing a greater range of children to have these procedures without the need for general anaesthesia. The field of procedural sedation for children is rapidly growing in popularity amongst both clinicians and patients, and it is therefore vital for paediatric anaesthetists to stay up to date and aware of guidelines and advances.

This chapter explains what this book is about. Becoming an adult is different for everybody. Young people with cognitive disability can find it hard to get the right supports to become an adult. Many young people can experience violence and abuse. This book tells the stories of young people with cognitive disability from different backgrounds. Family members and practitioners also talk about stories of young people with cognitive disability.