Centralisation of specialist services, such as paediatric critical care, major trauma, cardiac surgery or neurosurgery, improves outcomes. For the critically ill child, accessing specialist critical care services may require transfer, either primarily by a ‘front line’ ambulance (bypassing non-specialist centres) or secondarily by hospital teams after initial resuscitation and stabilisation in a non-specialist centre.

This chapter describes the principles and practice of stabilisation and transport of the critically ill child between centres.

These are all very practical decisions, and the methods of analyzing them make use of Principle 1:A dollar today is not worth the same as a dollar tomorrow. Economists have considered the management of personal financial resources over a lifetime to be a central issue worthy of serious study, and several Nobel Prizes in economics have been awarded for contributions in this area. And, as Box 3.1 shows, financial literacy for a nation’s people is a goal being pursued by countries all over the world.

In this chapter, the Green’s function method is developed that shows how boundary values, initial conditions, and inhomogeneous terms in partial-differential equations act as source terms for response throughout a domain. The Green’s function of a given partial-differential equations is the response from an impulsive point source and satisfies homogeneous versions of whatever boundary conditions the actual response satisfies. The Green’s function propagates a response from source points to receiver points. After developing this method for the scalar wave and diffusion equations and obtaining the Green’s functions of these equations in infinite domains, the focus turns to the Green’s function method for the multitude of vectorial continuum responses governed by equations derived in Part I of the book. In particular, elastodynamics, elastostatics, slow viscous flow, and continuum electromagnetics are analyzed using the Green’s function method. The so-called Green’s tensors for each of these continuum applications in an infinite domain are obtained using the Fourier transform and contour integration.

This chapter will give you an understanding of the rationale behind the need to transform our chemical industry from one that is based on fossil fuels to one that is based on biomass. This includes reducing the use of fossil resources with the aim of avoiding pollution. Underpinning the rationale is the understanding that the carrying capacity for biomass on our Earth naturally is limited.

AI brings risks but also opportunities for consumers. When it comes to consumer law, which traditionally focuses on protecting consumers’ autonomy and self-determination, the increased use of AI also poses major challenges. This chapter discusses both the challenges and opportunities of AI in the consumer context (Section 10.2 and 10.3) and provides a brief overview of some of the relevant consumer protection instruments in the EU legal order (Section 10.4). A case study on dark patterns illustrates the shortcomings of the current consumer protection framework more concretely (Section 10.5).

This chapter employs ethnographic insights to develop a generalizable theory of criminalized governance. The theory accounts for why gang organizations and their members engage in varying levels of coercion and benefits provision to residents living in areas where they operate. When gangs compete, they rely more on coercion and violence as they demand heightened levels of obedience from local communities. When police are actively enforcing against gangs, however, they will provide more responsive benefits to local populations to gain resident support in their effort to avoid detection and arrest. Although gang-level incentives may seem to predominate, the role of residents is crucial. The chapter describes how resident responses within these various security environments can shape the nature of the threats to gangs and, thereby, governance outcomes. The chapter concludes by describing the dynamics that should be observed within each of the ideal-typical criminalized governance regimes and addresses several alternative factors that may shape these outcomes.

Users of biomass must know when the biomass is going to be delivered, which can either be seasonal or a constant delivery of biomass over the year, and they will demand a biomass of the right quality. This is obviously a challenge for the supply chain of biomass because most biomass from land or the ocean is harvested at intervals, and until used the organic components in the biomass is at risk of being lost or transformed. Our task is to provide economical and sustainable methods to store the biomass, avoiding unwanted transformation and loss of the organic components, and to reduce transport costs and spoiling. Therefore, before we make a decision on biomass management, the right logistics of sowing, harvesting, transport, storing, and pretreatment must be considered. For this purpose, you will need to have insight on pretreatment and conservation technologies, storage, transport, and transformation of biomass during handling. Knowledge that will be provided in this chapter.

Total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) in children has for many years been seen as a niche method of anaesthetising children, reserved for enthusiasts and specific cases. The increased availability of programmable pumps and recognition of the value of TIVA in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), malignant hyperpyrexia (MH) and its excellent track record in minimising airway complication has led to a resurgence in interest in this technique. This chapter explains in detail the pharmacology of TIVA and the use of target-controlled infusions (TCI), focusing on propofol as the main agent used in TIVA, and elaborates on the development of newer pharmacokinetic models for delivering a consistency in concentration to children across the age spectrum. The chapter also looks remifentanil and its unique place in paediatric anaesthesia. We discuss the practicalities of using TCI in everyday cases as well as describe some specific benefits of the technique, especially in airway surgery, where TIVA and high-flow nasal oxygen are becoming an increasingly popular technique for airway examination and surgery. Finally, the chapter discusses areas in which TIVA use is challenging – neonates, teenagers and obesity – where extremes of weight and maturity make pharmacokinetic modelling difficult.

In Kenya, Utility Model Certificates (UMCs) are relatively popular with local applicants, and have been gaining in popularity over the past decade. The Kenyan UMC system is used largely as a replacement for the patent system, in contrast with other jurisdictions in which the two may be used strategically in combination. While a majority of patent applicants are foreign entities, nearly all UMC applicants are local entities, indicating that the UMC system is better designed to serve the local population of innovators.

The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a powerful tool for assessing future projects and initiatives to avoid their negative consequences on biodiversity and the environment in the early stages. To examine how project developers and planners can maximize the full value of EIAs to manage biodiversity risks in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, this chapter evaluates the adverse impacts of three major projects on the biodiversity of the Tigris and Euphrates river basin: the Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi (GAP) project in Türkiye; the Tropical Water Projects in Iran; and drainage projects in Iraq. The chapter illustrates how the lack of a comprehensive EIA in water projects on the Tigris and Euphrates river basin has had diverse and adverse consequences on the environment and biodiversity of the basin. The chapter then provides insights into how the EIA could be enhanced in current and future developments in the basin by improving legal frameworks at the national level, increasing institutional capability and integrating technological advancement into the EIA.

The chapter explores viewpoint across various topics and genres of political discourse. Viewpoint is defined as a pervasive property of language and conceptualisation which is exhibited across a broad range of linguistic and conceptual phenomena. The chapter starts by looking at deixis and deictic shifts in media discourses of immigration and political protests. The ideological role of viewpoints evoked by transitive versus reciprocal verbs is also considered in the context of media coverage of political protests. Subjective versus objective construal is further analysed as a viewpoint phenomenon and the role of objective construals in official communication around Covid-19 is highlighted. Viewpoint as an inherent feature in the mental spaces networks configured in response to modal and conditional constructions are considered in the context of Brexit discourse. Finally, conducted within the framework of discourse space theory, an analysis is given of distance and proximity (relative to a deictically specified viewpoint) in the discourse of the far-right organisation Britain First.