The contio was vital to the political conversation between the senate and people, creating a shared political space. Its success was not so much rooted in the institutional framework but in the contiones’ ability to connect with the audience’s lived experience. In particular, the nobility’s leadership was found acceptable because it was portrayed as beneficial to all; aristocrats were able to substantiate their claims for social eminence with real assets. The capacity to create consensus by means of a set decision-making process faded over time. The second half of the article traces the growing involvement of the contio with domestic issues since the time of the Gracchi, if not earlier. While promises of spoils and profit remained a recurring theme in public speech, they appeared less and less believable. The political crisis of the late Republic was thus also a crisis in the communication between mass and elite. The consensus evaporated because its inherent benefits had fallen flat: the contio became an outlet of discontent and communications counterintuitive to the preservation of the libera res publica.

Parkinsonism is used to describe a clinical syndrome of bradykinesia, rest tremor, rigidity and postural instability, and is present in a many sporadic and genetic disorders. The most common cause of parkinsonism is Parkinson’s disease (PD). Typical parkinsonism is characterized by asymmetry, slow progression, and excellent L-Dopa response, whereas atypical parkinsonism is parkinsonism with additional features (oculomotor abnormalities, myoclonus, cerebellar and pyramidal signs, ataxia), faster progression, and poor L-Dopa response. The genetic landscape of parkinsonism may be divided into monogenic variants; oligo- and polygenic forms of (a)typical parkinsonism; and intermediate variants with incomplete penetrance and low frequency. Typical and atypical parkinsonisms are reviewed, presenting and discussing 101 genes and loci associated with parkinsonism, classified based on phenotype into autosomal-dominant typical parkinsonisms, autosomal-recessive (a)typical parkinsonisms, other genetic forms of (a)typical parkinsonisms, and genetic syndromes with features of atypical parkinsonism. Genetic susceptibility and issues related to diagnostic genetic tests are also discussed.

Physical rehabilitation in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) aims to restore everyday functioning and mobility through a multidisciplinary approach. We present and discuss the current evidence on efficacy of key rehabilitation specialties and therapies that contribute to improving everyday (motor and non-motor) functioning in PD. Rehabilitative therapies aiming to improve posture and balance, transfers, gait, and physical condition have been shown effective. Evidence that physical therapy interventions using for example external or internal cues is effective for improving gait and gait-related mobility is strong, although the evidence for improving upper limb function, speech, and swallowing deficits is still limited. Optimal intensity of rehabilitation services offered by physical therapists, occupational therapists, and speech therapists, as well as their active ingredients and long-term impact, need further underpinning to help continuing development and updating of clinical guidelines.

It may be useful at this point to recapitulate and/or clarify the precise scope of the two chief factors in the discussions that follow, the Greek corpus and the concept of interaction. First, the corpus. The poetry in my period extends from Archilochus at one end to Aeschylus, Pindar and Bacchylides at the other. It comprises, that is, the whole of archaic and early classical verse with the exception of the two hexametric traditions: Homer with the later hymns and epic fragments, and the Hesiodic corpus together with its distant Presocratic relatives, notably Parmenides and Empedocles. In the case of Homer, the main reason for exclusion is the peculiar difficulty of establishing standard usage for the period (’ which period?’), and the situation of the other early hexametrists is comparably problematic. Their successors are omitted only for the sake of genre consistency.

On October 27, 2022, the Digital Services Act (DSA) was published in the Official Journal of the European Union (EU). The DSA, which has been portrayed as the Europe’s new “Digital Constitution”, sets out a cross-sector regulatory framework for online services and regulates the responsibility of online intermediaries for illegal content. Against this background, this chapters provides a brief overview of recent regulatory developments regarding platform responsibility in the EU. The chapter seeks to add a European perspective to the global debate about platform regulation. Section 3.1 provides an overview of the regulatory framework in the EU and recent legislative developments. Section 3.2 analyses different approaches regarding the enforcement of rules on platform responsibility. Section 3.3 takes a closer look at the regulation of content moderation by digital platforms in the EU. Finally, Section 3.4 adds some observations on the international effects of EU rules on platform responsibility.

This chapter focusses on environmental sustainability and provides a better understanding of the corporate governance levers that can direct behaviours towards environmental goals. We explore the relationship between risk culture and board members’ intention to adopt pro-environment strategies (PES) through individual beliefs. These factors, according to Ajzen’s theory of planned behaviour (ATPB), refer to what is convenient to do to achieve expected findings (behavioural beliefs), what should be done as required by regulators and induced by stakeholders’ pressure (normative beliefs) and the conviction of possessing skills, resources and opportunities to perform a specific behaviour (control beliefs). According to ATPB, behavioural beliefs, normative beliefs and control beliefs represent, in turn, predictors of an individual’s attitudes, subjective norms and perceived control beliefs. All these variables affect the intention to perform a behaviour and, in this case, to adopt pro-environmental strategies. The research analyses data obtained from a survey of 120 Italian board members, using a partial least square methodology to test the relationship between individual risk culture and beliefs, attitudes and norms and, finally, intention to adopt PES. Our findings add to previous work on the role of risk culture and provide a new theoretical perspective to guide green policy and changes aimed at increasing environmental sustainability.

This chapter gives the basic definitions and results for enrichment in a nonsymmetric multicategory M. Proposition 6.2.1 shows that this material agrees, in the case that M is the endomorphism multicategory of a monoidal category, with classical enriched category theory over V. The main application takes M to be the multicategory of permutative categories and strictly unital symmetric monoidal functors, which is not an endomorphism multicategory. Sections 6.3 through 6.5 treat this case in detail.

The Introduction situates the book within the context of urban sociology, highlights the importance of the study, and outlines the arguments and contributions. I discuss my approach to the study of public spaces as multilayered sociological entities, rather than mere physical containers of events, people, and the built environment of cities. Studying how public spaces function at the city level, I argue that the meanings and values assigned to places are closely tied to where they are located and how they are used. Approaching public spaces as places where economic, political, gender, and social hierarchies are both reinforced and undermined, I show the complexity of social relations and coexistence in a rapidly changing urban environment. Key themes from urban sociology, sociology of culture, and inequality will be used to lay out the book’s arguments and contributions. I will also discuss my methods and provide an overview of the rest of the chapters.

Mayeux’s chapter offers a new perspective on the notion of decreolisation which is also a possible path in the life cycle of a Creole language. Creoles in contact with their lexifiers are famously supposed to undergo decreolisation, a process Bickerton termed a “special case” (1980: 113) of contact-induced change. The proposition that Creoles undergo a “special” process of language change has been roundly critiqued by several scholars, not least because decreolisation has seldom been strictly defined or tested with diachronic data. Bickerton, however, sought a rigorous definition for what he critiqued as a “tinkertoy concept” (1980: 111), arguably providing the only specific model of the structural mechanisms supposedly underlying that process. This chapter takes earnestly his suggestion that linguists should strictly define and test the diachronic mechanisms shaping decreolisation. In so doing, this chapter presents evidence against his Creole-specific approach to language change which treats decreolisation as a “special case”.

Chapter 8 expounds on how the Anti-Extradition Movement was organized and sustained in the absence of a centralized leadership. We illustrate how protesters, networked in both online and offline realms, collaborated on a spontaneous, horizontal, and many-to-many basis to generate a continuous stream of actions – a process we term “peer collaboration.”

Experimental physiology was exploited as a metaphor and a model for the work of authors and critics. The final two chapters advance the book’s trajectory which takes in increasingly diverse literary forms and traces how vivisection became loosened from its ethical and political contexts. Chapter 7 studies how Émile Zola and August Strindberg drew up principles of naturalism by fashioning themselves as literary vivisectors and presenting the stage and the novel as sites of experimentation. They did so by interrogating the connection between observation and intervention and by cultivating an attitude of objective absence imported from experimental physiology. By reframing their works within the context of the vivisection debates (to which naturalism was deeply indebted), the chapter offers a reconsideration of how these writers sought to uncover physiological and psychological laws that would make literature entirely scientific.

While the social media and digital platforms started with an objective to enhance social connectivity and information sharing, they also present a significant challenge in content moderation resulting in spreading disinformation. Disinformation Paradox is a phenomenon where an attempt to regulate harmful content online can inadvertently amplifies it. The social media platforms often serve as breeding grounds for disinformation. This chapter discusses the inherent difficulties in moderating content at a large scale, different responses of these platforms and potential solutions.

This chapter examines China’s approach to platform responsibility for content moderation. It notes that China’s approach is rooted in its overarching goal of public opinion management, which requires platforms to proactively monitor, moderate, and sometimes censor content, especially politically sensitive content. Despite its patchy and iterative approach, China’s platform regulation is consistent and marked by its distinct characteristics, embodied in its defining of illegal and harmful content, its heavy platform obligations, and its strong reliance on administrative enforcement measures. China’s approach reflects its authoritarian nature and the asymmetrical power relations between the government and private platforms. This chapter also provides a nuanced understanding of China’s approach to platform responsibility, including Chinese platforms’ "conditional liability" for tort damages and the regulators’ growing emphasis on user protection and personal information privacy. This chapter includes a case study on TikTok that shows the interplay between the Chinese approach, oversees laws and regulations and the Chinese online platform’s content moderation practices.

The UN General Assembly, a body including representatives of all UN member governments, serves as the primary forum for defining a better world order through peaceful change. It has endorsed programs of peaceful change at all levels of ambition at different times and on different issues. Much of its activity has focused on the minimalist goal of averting or ending particular wars. On other issues, most notably decolonization, national economic development, and adding environmental concerns to the intergovernmental agenda, it has contributed to incremental change in the states system. Yet the limits on what governments would endorse became clear on issues such as human rights where changes would affect domestic political orders. The end of the Cold War and related domestic-level political changes provided the context for higher ambition, which peaked in 2005 when the General Assembly endorsed the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs offered a vision of deep peace in which universal respect for human rights, human development, and human security prevail within ecologically sustainable societies. Yet the subsequent spread of authoritarian rule within states and increased geopolitical tensions between major states have reinforced governments’ traditional approaches to states system, reducing the ambition of programs for peaceful change.

The notion of the “Greek miracle” is problematic for an obvious reason: it implies that some transcendent set of values was present in a parochial section of humanity. While anti-racist arguments serve to historicize this miracle and show how it is explained without reference to the identity of the Greeks, we should be on our guard concerning the potential racist ways in which discussion of the “Greek miracle” may be appropriated. The chapter surveys such racist appropriations and comments that we need, nevertheless, to come up with concrete accounts of the Greek miracle, precisely so as to refute such racism and also, and less obviously, we should recognize the way in which certain processes, begun with the Greeks, have a progressive political valence, the theme of the remainder of the book.