Measurement is an essential activity in neurology, as it allows for collecting and sharing data that can be used for description, comparison and decision making regarding the health status of patients. The adequate assessment of motor and functional signs and symptoms of movement disorders must be done with instruments that have been developed and tested following a standardized methodology. The validation of a scale or instrument is an iterative process that includes several phases and the testing of a number of psychometric properties following the principles of the Classical Test Theory or the Latent Test Theory, each with its own methods and statistical procedures. In this chapter, we review the characteristics and psychometric properties of the main measurement instruments and scales for assessing motor and functional symptoms in movement disorders, particularly those recommended by the Movement Disorders Society.

This chapter goes beyond Surama Village and focuses on how Anglican missionaries from the Church Missionary Society (CMS) established missions in British Guiana during the mid nineteenth century that impacted the Makushi and other Indigenous groups. Based on archival sources, it closely describes how Thomas Youd formed three successive missions in the Makushi territory during the 1830s and 1840s. The chapter considers the relational modes, acquisitions of desiderata, and patterns of interaction evident among Makushi groups in this context. It considers the strategies and intentions involved in their seeking relations with Youd and other Anglican missionaries against the backdrop of ongoing threats of slaving expeditions directed against them from Brazil. The chapter also examines a later visit to the Makushi by an Anglican missionary during the 1850s and introduces early evidence of the aftermath of such missionisation. The chapter builds up to a discussion of the shamanic dimensions of these historical interactions.

Functional movement disorders are the most challenging movement disorders to diagnose and treat. Phenomenology and disease course are variable. This group of disorders includes tremor, dystonia, myoclonus, parkinsonism, speech and gait disturbances, and other movement disorders that are incongruent with patterns of pathophysiologic (organic) disease.

The enactment of the European Non-Financial-Reporting-Directive (2014/95/EU) and the new (proposed) Corporate-Sustainability-Reporting-Directive as its successor introduced aspects of corporate social responsibility to the world of financial reporting for almost all listed corporations in the common market. This established a path dependency between the traditional financial and the (new) non-financial reporting regime. As the consequence, the actual non-financial reporting regime does not provide a unique scope of application and does not distinguish between business entities with and without an impact on corporate social responsibility. Nevertheless, the actual content of financial reporting and non-financial reporting is fundamentally different since financial information is a number-based information instrument and sustainability information is a text-based information instrument. Moreover, financial information and non-financial information do not require the same corporate governance procedure for drafting and examining. Finally, it is doubtful that the liability regime of financial disclosure can be used as some kind of blueprint for a civil liability regime for non-financial disclosure. Since the existing framework for civil liability in financial disclosure cannot be used for cases of incorrect non-financial disclosure, it is necessary to develop an independent regime of civil liability for incorrect non-financial disclosure. The existing path dependency between financial and non-financial disclosure prevents this necessary step.

This chapter explores the various ways that liberal internationalism has sought to use international institutions to build cooperative systems of order. I start by outlining liberal internationalism’s tradition of thinking about institutions and peaceful change. Liberalism and liberal internationalism are defined by their deep assumptions about modernity, development, and progress as well as by their focus on the challenges of adapting liberal democracy and international order to modernization and rising interdependence. After this, I turn to five system-structural “problems” that liberal internationalism has grappled with over the past two centuries. These are the problems of anarchy, hierarchy, interdependence, liberal openness, and geopolitical vulnerability. Across millennia, the two dominant forms of international order have been either anarchy or hierarchy. Liberal internationalism has been deeply entangled with both types of order. Yet, despite this, its overall ideas and projects have been oriented toward creating a “third way” between anarchy and hierarchy. In all these pursuits, liberals have used institutions as tools and ordering arrangements to solve problems and promote peaceful change.

The striking image of three local Chinese women spectators at the Bandung Conference of 1955 was taken by Lisa Larsen, who was a photographer commissioned by LIFE magazine to cover the conference. What does this photograph tell us about international diplomacy? Was it a coincidence that the female photographer happened to take one of the most visually arresting photographs of women as diplomatic spectators? This chapter proposes to probe further the significance of gender in constructing images of international diplomacy. In general, visual sources of international diplomacy tend to portray women in multiple capacities as actors on the international stage. However, this stands in stark contrast to textual sources, which reveal very little female agency, mostly due to the narrowly defined notions of who constitutes a diplomatic actor in traditional approaches to studying diplomacy. Elsewhere, the author has argued that the invisibility of women in diplomacy can in itself be seen as a performative stance. In this chapter, she explores how we can ‘recover’ the lost female presence in diplomacy by privileging the female gaze, through the iconic female photographer.

The theme of this chapter is the relation between the initial algebra for a set functor and the terminal coalgebra, assuming that both exist and that the endofunctor is non-trivial. We introduced a notion called pre-continuity. Pre-continuous set functors generalize finitary and continuous set functors. For such functors, the initial algebra and the terminal coalgebra have the same Cauchy completion and the same ideal completion: the $\omega$-iteration of the terminal-coalgebra chain. It follows that for a non-trivial continuous set functor, the terminal coalgebra is the Cauchy completion of the initial algebra.

I write this book to convince you of the importance of studying ancient Greek history. I argue that Greek antiquity was exceptional and consequential. It was contingent – it did not have to be the way it was. And it was decisive, helping to shape what followed.

The contio was vital to the political conversation between the senate and people, creating a shared political space. Its success was not so much rooted in the institutional framework but in the contiones’ ability to connect with the audience’s lived experience. In particular, the nobility’s leadership was found acceptable because it was portrayed as beneficial to all; aristocrats were able to substantiate their claims for social eminence with real assets. The capacity to create consensus by means of a set decision-making process faded over time. The second half of the article traces the growing involvement of the contio with domestic issues since the time of the Gracchi, if not earlier. While promises of spoils and profit remained a recurring theme in public speech, they appeared less and less believable. The political crisis of the late Republic was thus also a crisis in the communication between mass and elite. The consensus evaporated because its inherent benefits had fallen flat: the contio became an outlet of discontent and communications counterintuitive to the preservation of the libera res publica.

Parkinsonism is used to describe a clinical syndrome of bradykinesia, rest tremor, rigidity and postural instability, and is present in a many sporadic and genetic disorders. The most common cause of parkinsonism is Parkinson’s disease (PD). Typical parkinsonism is characterized by asymmetry, slow progression, and excellent L-Dopa response, whereas atypical parkinsonism is parkinsonism with additional features (oculomotor abnormalities, myoclonus, cerebellar and pyramidal signs, ataxia), faster progression, and poor L-Dopa response. The genetic landscape of parkinsonism may be divided into monogenic variants; oligo- and polygenic forms of (a)typical parkinsonism; and intermediate variants with incomplete penetrance and low frequency. Typical and atypical parkinsonisms are reviewed, presenting and discussing 101 genes and loci associated with parkinsonism, classified based on phenotype into autosomal-dominant typical parkinsonisms, autosomal-recessive (a)typical parkinsonisms, other genetic forms of (a)typical parkinsonisms, and genetic syndromes with features of atypical parkinsonism. Genetic susceptibility and issues related to diagnostic genetic tests are also discussed.