Why should we take visual sources more seriously in our study of global diplomacy? The innovative approach presented in this volume involves using a wide range of visual sources, such as photographs, paintings, films, and material culture, to reveal how these sources can help to illuminate symbolic aspects of diplomacy that textual sources alone may not be able to do. Visual sources can reveal hidden stories and, importantly, help to de-centre the prevailing preconceptions about the nature of global diplomacy and its power dynamics. The unravelling of symbolisms can add cultural depth to the staging of global diplomacy. The approach introduces a host of diplomatic actors often neglected by scholars, including Southeast Asian leaders, female personalities, and crowds of onlookers. Each chapter, which includes examples of intra-Asia diplomacy as well as Asian diplomacy with Western societies, demonstrates the critical role played by visual sources to the field of diplomatic culture.

Although movement is largely generated from the primary motor cortex, what movement to make and how to make it is influenced from the entire brain. External influences from the environment come from sensory systems in the posterior part of the brain, and internal influences, such as homeostatic drive and reward, from the anterior part. A movement is voluntary when a person’s consciousness recognizes it to be so because of proper activation of the agency network. Behavioral movement disorders can be understood as dysfunction of these mechanisms. Apraxia and task specific dystonia arise from disruption of parietal–premotor connections. Tics arise from a hyperactive limbic system. Functional movement disorders may also have an origin in abnormal limbic function and are believed to be involuntary due to dysfunction of the agency network. In Parkinson’s disease, bradykinesia comes from insufficient basal ganglia support to the anterior part of the brain.

This chapter deals with abnormal, spontaneous and reactive motor behavior as part of the clinical expression of some psychiatric disorders, including abnormal motility, locomotion, gestures, mimic, and speech. Here, the differentiation of the abnormal motor behavior motor dysfunction as an integral part of a psychiatric condition or as a side effect of its treatment is critical for the management but often remains difficult to differentiate. Iatrogenic movement disorders, as might be seen in the treatment of specific psychiatric disorders, for instance with neuroleptics, are discussed in Chapter 51. In this chapter, we focus on the signs and symptoms of movement disorders as an integral, genuine part of the clinical manifestation, sometimes even in prodromal states, in psychiatric diseases, such as in schizophrenia, catatonia, and stereotypies, as well as in major depressive disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and impulse control disorders. Psychogenic (functional or somatoform) motor behavioral abnormalities, the result of conversion, somatization and/or factious disorders (malingering), are described in Chapter 53.

Many constructions have both metaphoric and non-metaphoric uses. For example, English transitives can either involve metaphor, as in she devoured the experience, or be non-metaphoric, as in she devoured the meat. On the other hand, constructions such as the idiom glutton for punishment or the compound verb greenlight can never be literal. This chapter argues that ‘optionally metaphoric’ constructions, such as transitives, show how metaphoric meaning is often based on non-metaphoric meaning, whereas ‘inherently metaphoric’ constructions, as in greenlight, demonstrate the role of conceptual metaphors in constructional semantics.

In this chapter, I argue that geographical location and spatial orientation influence how residents of Tehran think about who they are and how they define and negotiate boundaries. In Tehran, the spatial locations of self and others in the hierarchical structure of the city remain signifiers of social status, yet the use of public spaces in different parts of the city and easier access to these spaces have complicated established social relations. I discuss how social, symbolic, and spatial boundaries are negotiated in a changing urban environment and how such processes create a sense of belonging or alienation – of being included or excluded – in different spaces. Furthermore, I show that while dividing lines among social groups in Tehran are conceptually powerful, they are not entirely class-based; rather, they are defined by a complex set of values and relations that are constantly questioned and renegotiated in public spaces.

The focus of this chapter is the puzzle about why it has taken so long for the G20 to be taken seriously in institutionalist international relations, and whether this evolutionary pattern matters for addressing the pivotal question: “How International Organizations Promote or Detract from Peaceful Change.” Amid the shocks of the Global Financial Crisis, the G20 became the privileged institutional choice over alternative options via formal International Organizations, including the United Nations. The protracted lack of scrutiny on the G20 in institutionalist IR is puzzling given the role of this scholarship in extending the level of analysis not only with an original focus on formal IOs but also an expanded range of informal institutions. Per se, the extended neglect of the G20 is a symptom of an ingrained Western and more specially the US centrism in the literature. Even as the G20 has lost instrumental purpose, the value of the G20 as a vehicle for management of world politics must be recognized. The lack of understanding concerning the evolution of the G20 in mainstream IR is particularly noticeable with respect to the elevated role in the G20 by countries with Global South identities.

Despite increasing dilapidation, many of Rome’s ancient buildings survived in a form to impress visitors. During the Middle Ages a number of them – Hildebert of Lavardin, Master Gregorius, Benjamin of Tudela – left a brief record of the favourable impression the ruins made upon them. More widespread, however, were the legendary accounts, as found most extensively in the Mirabilia Urbis Romae, of the history and function of a number of the ruins of the pagan past. Such fables can be seen as forerunners of later ruin-mindedness in their attempt to explain the original role in the urban fabric of what was now ruinous and puzzling.

The second chapter charts the history of the Royal Library of Bijapur, today housed in the British Library in London, through the histories of circulation of its manuscripts from the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries. It highlights the entanglement of Bijapur’s courtly and scholarly elites with the world of transoceanic Arabic scholarship. By focusing on different manuscript notes as symbols of political power, scholarly authority, and textual soundness, it illuminates the changing functions and significances of the manuscript corpus. This manuscript collection constituted a royal library collection, made up of sultanic sub-collections, but it was also an Islamicate library that preserved stories of knowledge transmission in Arabic and Persian. Over the seventeenth century, shifting intellectual and political incentives transformed the manuscript collection from a courtly collection with its economy of gift-giving into a shrine library. It served as a textual entrepôt for scholarly communities. The chapter makes the broader argument that such textual entrepôts constituted crucial sociabilities and brought together learned individuals in their shared intellectual pursuits.

British reviewers often opposed the distasteful ‘physiological’ experiments of their European neighbours while simultaneously embracing laboratory principles and methods to dissect the practice of criticism. Chapter 8 surveys the newspapers and periodicals of the period to show that vivisectional terminology was remarkably sprawling in its applications and meanings. Experimental physiology’s modus operandi was used to shape and articulate key methodological and ideological principles emerging in late-Victorian literary-critical theory and practice. Namely, allusions to ‘vivisection’ expressed a growing professionalism and a shift from an ‘illustrative’ to a dispassionate ‘analytical’ mode, paralleling the trend towards ‘scientific’ historiography. Certain authors such as George Eliot, William Thackeray, and Charlotte Brontë were persistently labelled ‘literary vivisectors’, and the chapter ends by arguing that romanticised notions of the sympathetic female author presented one obstacle to objective, ‘vivisectional’ fin-de-siècle literary criticism.

O’Grady’s chapter discusses a recurring theme in Derek Bickerton’s work on creoles which focused on his observation, now somewhat controversial, that their morphosyntactic properties are surprisingly similar, which he attributed to a ‘language bioprogram’ bearing a close resemblance to Universal Grammar. O’Grady’s chapter explores a different line of reasoning by considering the role that processing pressures play in the syntax of creoles – and of human language in general. Drawing on data from anaphora and negation, both of which are well-documented core syntactic phenomena in natural language, he argues that their signature properties are shaped by considerations of computational efficiency and economy that can be traced to the need to minimize the burden on working memory.

Dystonia is a heterogeneous group of diseases with important variability in phenomenology and underlying etiology and pathophysiology. Treatment must be individualized according to the symptomatology and needs of a specific patient. Several efficacious treatments to improve the symptoms of dystonia exist, but few treatments for metabolic and other disorders causing dystonia. The most important therapeutic options are described and discussed. Better understanding of the genetics and pathophysiology of dystonia, the progress of deep brain stimulation, and the possibility of physical therapy greatly improved multimodal therapeutic management of the dystonia patient. However, we are far from a cure; we can only rarely eliminate symptoms, with a few exceptions. For successful treatment, we need to consider specific motor and non-motor aspects of dystonia, different from other movement disorders. It is particularly important to understand the possibility and limitation of each therapeutic option in order to propose and combine different treatments according to the needs of a specific patient.