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Page 203 of 167644

Pragmatics in the Health Sciences

Pragmatics in the Health Sciences
  • Maria Garraffa, Greta Mazzaggio
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
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    06 February 2025
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  • This Element aims to address a gap in the literature at the intersection of linguistics, particularly pragmatics, and health sciences, such as speech and language pathology. The first section introduces the application of pragmatics concepts in healthcare and neuroscience. Section 2 discusses the development of pragmatic abilities in childhood, focusing on pragmatic communication disorder. Section 3 reviews studies on pragmatic abilities in adolescents, adults, and clinical populations, including assessments of pragmatic skills in ageing. Section 4 broadens the scope by exploring pragmatic impairments in new populations. The final section reflects on the importance of pragmatics in healthcare practice, introducing studies on mental health and intercultural pragmatics. Each section proposes discussion points to contextualise the research within debates on health pragmatics. The Element also includes a glossary (available as online supplementary material) to assist interdisciplinary audiences in understanding clinical pragmatics terminology.

Inside Criminalized Governance
  • How and Why Gangs Rule the Streets of Rio de Janeiro
  • Nicholas Barnes
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
    Print publication:
    13 February 2025
  • For over four decades, drug trafficking gangs have monopolized violence and engaged in various forms of governance across hundreds of informal neighborhoods known as favelas in Rio de Janeiro. Drawing on three years of ethnographic fieldwork, over 200 interviews with gang members and residents, 400 archival documents, and 20,000 anonymous hotline denunciations of gang members, this book provides a comprehensive examination of the causes and consequences of these governance arrangements. The book documents the variation in gang-resident relationships – from responsive relations in which gangs provide a reliable form of order and stimulate the local economy, to coercive and unresponsive relations in which gangs offers residents few benefits – then identifies the factors that account for this variation. The result is an unprecedented ethnographic study that provides readers a unique, in-depth insight into the evolution of Rio de Janeiro's drug trafficking gangs from their emergence in the 1970s to the present day.

The House that Fox News Built?
  • Representation, Political Accountability, and the Rise of Partisan News
  • Kevin Arceneaux, Johanna Dunaway, Martin Johnson, Ryan J. Vander Wielen
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
    Print publication:
    13 February 2025
  • The influence of partisan news is presumed to be powerful, but evidence for its effects on political elites is limited, often based more on anecdotes than science. Using a rigorous quasi-experimental research design, observational data, and open science practices, this book carefully demonstrates how the re-emergence and rise of partisan cable news in the US affected the behavior of political elites during the rise and proliferation of Fox News across media markets between 1996 and 2010. Despite widespread concerns over the ills of partisan news, evidence provides a nuanced, albeit cautionary tale. On one hand, findings suggest that the rise of Fox indeed changed elite political behavior in recent decades. At the same time, the limited conditions under which Fox News' influence occurred suggests that concerns about the network's power may be overstated.

Biodiversity and Nature Conservation Law and Policy in the Middle East and North Africa Region
  • Edited by Damilola S. Olawuyi, Riyad Fakhri
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
    Print publication:
    13 February 2025
  • This book offers a comprehensive and authoritative account of the guiding principles and rules relating to biodiversity, nature conservation, and the protection of cultural heritage in the MENA region. The book introduces readers to the applicable legislation, institutions and rules underpinning the design, approval, financing and implementation of biodiversity and nature-based solutions across the MENA region. It also explores larger questions on legal and institutional frameworks that can help address broader issues of fragmentation, gender inequality, inadequate stakeholder engagement, lack of transparency, limited access to environmental information, and lack of comprehensive domestic legislation, all of which stifle the integrated implementation of biodiversity and nature conservation treaties and the equitable sharing of the benefits derived from biodiversity and nature in the region. Written in a user-friendly style, the book closes with recommendations and reflections on legal and regulatory innovations for advancing biodiversity and nature-based solutions in the MENA region. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Abstractionism

Abstractionism
  • Luca Zanetti, Francesca Boccuni
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
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    06 February 2025
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  • The aim of this Element is to provide an overview of abstractionism in the philosophy of mathematics. The authors distinguish between mathematical abstractionism, which interprets mathematical theories on the basis of abstraction principles, and philosophical abstractionism, which attributes a philosophical significance to mathematical abstractionism. They then survey the main semantic, ontological, and epistemological theses that are associated with philosophical abstractionism. Finally, the authors suggest that the most recent developments in the debate pull abstractionism in different directions.

The Cambridge Handbook of Literature and Plants
  • Edited by Bonnie Lander Johnson
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
    Print publication:
    13 February 2025
  • The first of its kind, this wide-ranging, accessible handbook covers literary engagement with plants in over two thousand years of writing from around the world. It includes within its broad ambit historical periods of Latin, Norse and Anglophone plant literatures, prominent plant genres, and the literatures of major global regions. Chapters explore the history of literary thinking about plants as creatures that do or do not resemble us; our use of plants to negotiate geo-political conflict; the ethical dimension of plant sensibilities; the moral dimension of our desire to engage aesthetically with plants; the ways in which human-plant relations have been used to make and unmake national and ethnic identities; the role of plant-writing in the development of literary form; and the ways we have used plants to navigate modernity's cultural and intellectual shift from theological engagement with the created world to the discourses of modern science.
Monotheism and Relativism

Monotheism and Relativism
  • Bernd Irlenborn
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
    Print publication:
    06 February 2025
  • This Element explores the relationship between monotheism and relativism. Over the last two decades, emerging relativist theories have been extensively developed and debated within the fields of philosophy. How does monotheistic theology relate to relativism, especially to relativism about truth? Given that truth relativism contends that beliefs and propositions are invariably only relatively true, it appears to conflict with traditional monotheism, which asserts the absolute truth of God's existence. This book examines the compatibility of relativist positions with monotheism, emphasising the need to differentiate among the diverse forms, types, and domains of relativism. It presents a nuanced stance on the relationship between relativism and monotheism.

Trucanini's Stare
  • Reconsidering Dignity in Theory and Practice
  • Susan Marks
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
    Print publication:
    13 February 2025
  • A central concept in international human rights law and many national constitutions is human dignity. Departing from established approaches to dignity in philosophy and legal theory, Susan Marks takes dignity in everyday life ('dignified care', 'dignity in the workplace', etc.) as a starting point for reconsidering the concept's history and significance. The result is a highly original work which gives particular attention to colonial and post-colonial engagements with dignity, and emphasises the character of human dignity as not just an idea or abstract value, but also a lived experience that cannot be understood without reference to social structures and the inequalities and hierarchies they reproduce. If dignity is an attribute which all human beings possess purely by virtue of being human, Marks shows that it is also an element within the systemic operations of privilege and power.
Development Subjectivities, Governmentality, and Migration Management in the Pacific

Development Subjectivities, Governmentality, and Migration Management in the Pacific
  • Lya Mainé Astonitas
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
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    06 February 2025
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  • To advance the debates around temporary migration in the Pacific, a governmentality framework contributes to understanding social and historical relations produced by migration management at regional, country, and individual scales. The Recognised Seasonal Employer's (RSE) scheme, the Pacific epitome of regulated migration, temporarily recruits participants from labour-rich countries to work in New Zealand's horticulture and viticulture sectors. Driven by agricultural labour shortfalls, it was conceived and promoted as a development intervention for Pacific countries, and is regularly claimed to provide a 'triple win' for employers and industry, Pacific countries via remittances, and participants' communities. Missing from these claims is an understanding of how seasonal migration fits into new migration management regimes, and the instruments deployed to enable this omission. To appreciate how workers' subjectivities are transformed to favour labour mobility, the spotlight is on the scheme's articulation as a development instrument, its operationalisation, and the mundane day-to-day situations it entails.
Pragmatism and Historical Representation

Pragmatism and Historical Representation
  • Serge Grigoriev
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
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    06 February 2025
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  • No prominent pragmatist philosopher to date has offered us a fully developed theory of history or historical interpretation. Nevertheless, a number of pivotal arguments and suggestions made by the pragmatists appeared to many both insightful and pertinent enough to offer a distinctive promise of a cohesive and distinctive general pragmatist perspective in historical theory. The present contribution is intended to secure some advances in this direction, focusing on the relationships between objectivity and perspective; between representation as an accurate correspondence to reality and the social, cultural sense of representation as being represented and being representative; as well as the relationship between individualizing comprehension and generalizing abstraction in historical contexts.

American Grasslands
  • Reckoning with the Law and Policy that Shaped Agriculture in the West
  • Hillary M. Hoffmann
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
    Print publication:
    13 February 2025
  • American Grasslands provides a comprehensive review of select laws and policies that have shaped modern western agriculture. Through compelling stories of both famous and lesser-known ranches, the book explores the trajectory of law and policy that has consolidated power in western ranchers and agricultural enterprises. Drawing lessons from historical events such as the Dust Bowl and the current climate and extinction crises, the book illustrates the harmful externalities of agricultural activity and the need for meaningful reform. The book also addresses recent national calls for social and racial justice in the context of western agriculture and public resources like water, land, and wildlife. After highlighting the problems created by current laws and policies, the book offers practical recommendations for future legal and policy reform. American Grasslands is a must-read for anyone interested in the history and future of western agriculture and the role of law and policy in shaping it.

Young People with Cognitive Disability in Transition to Adulthood
  • Stories of Survival and Aspiration in the Face of Adversity
  • Kathy Ellem, Paul Harpur, Fotina Hardy, Michael Ashley Stein, Ann Fudge Schormans
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
    Print publication:
    13 February 2025
  • This book presents the lived experiences of young people with cognitive disability and their struggles as they transition to adulthood. Whether you are a young person yourself looking to transition to adulthood, a parent, or a professional supporting a young person, this book will help you understand the systemic failures which have caused abuse, exploitation, neglect and violence. But it will also outline the inner and outer resources which have enabled young people to maintain their self-belief and overcome adversity. Despite the fact society is failing these young people, the young people in this book speak of belief and have hope for the future. Drawing upon the United Nations human rights framework, this book provides a narrative for empowerment and reform. It involves the input of co-researchers with disability and includes Easy English summaries in each chapter to ensure its accessibility to young people with cognitive disability.
Monotheism and Peacebuilding

Monotheism and Peacebuilding
  • John D Brewer
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
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    06 February 2025
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  • This Element addresses the opportunities and constraints operating on monotheistic peacebuilding, focusing on the three Abrahamic faiths, Christianity, Judaism, and Islam, which share a common origin. These opportunities and constraints are approached through what the volume calls 'the paradox of monotheism'. Monotheism is defined by belief in one omnipotent, benign, and loving God, but this God does not or cannot prevent violence, war, and conflict. Moreover, monotheism can actually promote conflict between the Abrahamic faiths, and with other world religions, giving us the puzzle of holy wars fought in God's name. The first section of the Element outlines the paradox of monotheism and its implications for monotheistic peacebuilding; the second section addresses the peacebuilding efforts of three Abrahamic monotheistic religions and the constraints that operate as a result of the paradox of monotheism. This paradox tends to limit monotheistic peacebuilding to inter-faith dialogue, which often does not go far enough.

Politics and Knowledge Shaping Educational Reform
  • Case Studies from Around the Globe
  • Edited by Colleen McLaughlin, Alan Ruby
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
    Print publication:
    13 February 2025
  • Have you ever wondered why education is always being reformed? This book provides ten case studies from all corners of the globe that illustrate how politics and data clash as education policies are developed, enacted, and assessed. A follow-up to the authors' previous book, Implementing Educational Reform, it highlights trends such as politicisation, showing where successful policies have been dropped, and where failed policies persist for ideological ends. Drawing on examples from South Africa, Ghana, Rwanda, Peru, Portugal, post-Soviet states and the UK, it shows how education policy can be disruptive and abrupt, or consensual and gradual. It challenges the managerial model of education reform that has dominated the last thirty years of education reform thinking, ultimately deepening our understanding of the importance of practical knowledge in designing and implementing policies. It is essential reading for practitioners, policy makers, and researchers of education research, education policy, and international education reform.

Sub-Patent Innovation Rights
  • Utility Models, Petty Patents and Innovation Patents Around the World
  • Edited by Jorge L. Contreras
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
    Print publication:
    13 February 2025
  • This ground-breaking work delves into the world of sub-patent intellectual property rights, exploring utility model and similar protection offered by over 100 countries worldwide. Drawing on the expertise of leading scholars from around the globe, this volume provides a comprehensive analysis of sub-patent protection systems, comparing and contrasting statutory frameworks, registration requirements, corporate strategies and litigation tactics. The book also highlights current policy debates surrounding these systems, including their potential to promote local innovation and economic development, proposals for cross-border harmonization, and their interaction with increasingly integrated litigation systems. This book is an invaluable resource for scholars, attorneys, historians, economists, and anyone dealing with complex international intellectual property matters. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

We Choose You
  • How Black Voters Decide Which Candidates to Support
  • Julian J. Wamble
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
    Print publication:
    13 February 2025
  • In We Choose You, Julian J. Wamble investigates the sophisticated process of Black voter candidate selection. Contrary to the common assumption that Black voters will support Black politicians, Wamble explores what considerations, outside of race, partisanship, and gender, Black voters use to choose certain representatives over others. The book complicates our view of candidate selection, expands our understanding of identity's role in the representative-constituent paradigm, and provides a framework through which scholars can determine a candidates preferability for other identity groups. Wamble uses original experimental tests on Black respondents to prove that Black voters prefer a politician, regardless of race, who shows a commitment to prioritizing the racial group's interest through personal sacrifice. Novel and timely, this book makes an important contribution to our understanding of Black political behavior and will only gain salience as the significance of the Black vote increases in upcoming elections.
Low-Cost Fashion

Low-Cost Fashion
  • The Political Economy of Garment Production and Distribution in Latin America
  • Matías Dewey, André Vereta Nahoum
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
    Print publication:
    13 February 2025
  • This Element analyses a fundamentally new regional configuration of the garment sector, covering much of South America. Based on ethnographic fieldwork and in-depth interviews with a wide range of actors, it examines two major circuits of informal production and distribution of affordable garments, both of which have emerged around the urban marketplaces of La Salada (Buenos Aires) and Feira da Madrugada (São Paulo). This Element examines a configuration characterized by (1) manufacturers who interact with customer preferences to produce low-cost fashion, (2) marketplaces that function as large garment distribution hubs, and (3) extensive distribution routes with regional reach. This Element discusses the role of creativity in informal production processes, reflects on the implications of both cases for our understanding of global value chains and informality, and provides empirical evidence on forbearance as an explanatory element for the emergence of this phenomenon.

The Water Diaries
  • Living with the Global Water Crisis in Bangladesh and Kenya
  • Sonia Hoque, Rob Hope
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
    Print publication:
    13 February 2025
  • Cyclones, flash floods, droughts, and pollution batter the aspirations of people living at the sharp end of water insecurity. By charting the daily water use behaviour of people in Kenya and Bangladesh for a year, this book explores the intersecting drivers of global water risks and the spatial and seasonal inequalities. Comprising a clear methodological chapter and four detailed case studies of both urban and rural areas, it critically reviews existing policy and institutional design, arguing for a new architecture in allocating risks and responsibilities fairly and effectively between government, communities, enterprises, and water users. In identifying the risks and potential responses for policy and investment action, it provides theoretical insights and a practical guide to developing more effective policy in Kenya and Bangladesh, with solutions that will be applicable in other regions facing similar challenges. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

New Sudans
  • Wartime Intellectual Histories in Khartoum
  • Nicki Kindersley
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
    Print publication:
    13 February 2025
  • Over a million southern Sudanese people fled to Sudan's capital Khartoum during the wars and famines of the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s. This book is an intellectual history of these war-displaced working people's political organising and critical theory during a long conflict. It explores how these men and women thought through their circumstances, tried to build potential political communities, and imagined possible futures. Based on ten years of research in South Sudan, using personal stories, private archives, songs, poetry, photograph albums, self-written histories, jokes and new handmade textbooks, New Sudans follows its idealists' and pragmatists' variously radical, conservative, and creative projects across two decades on the peripheries of a hostile city. Through everyday theories of Blackness, freedom and education in a long civil war, Nicki Kindersley opens up new possibilities in postcolonial intellectual histories of the working class in Africa.
State-Owned Enterprises as Institutional Actors in Contemporary Capitalism and Beyond

State-Owned Enterprises as Institutional Actors in Contemporary Capitalism and Beyond
  • Olivier Butzbach, Douglas B. Fuller, Gerhard Schnyder, Luda Svystunova
  • Published online:
    06 February 2025
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    06 February 2025
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  • This Element qualifies the common understanding of State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) as mere instruments of the state and instead conceive of them as economic actors in their own right. Specifically, SOE top management teams have leeway to diverge from goals that the state they are owned by pursues. Through 'institutional work' they can even actively shape the institutional framework in which they are embedded. However, the extent of SOE top management teams' leeway for agency is determined by macro- (country), meso- (State–SOE governance system), and industry-level factors. These factors, in turn, vary from country to country and over time. In other words, SOE agency is 'embedded agency.' Combining institutional work and historical institutionalism analytic lenses, this Element presents a multilevel model to understand embedded agency of top management teams of SOEs in contemporary capitalism. The model adds an important element to our understanding of the 'new state capitalism.'

Page 203 of 167644